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: Chinook salmon and steelhead toxicity to heavy metals, USA (EM-984)
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EM Identity and Description
EM Identification (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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EM Short Name
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Salmonid toxicity to heavy metals, USA | * | * | * | * |
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EM Full Name
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Chinook salmon and steelhead toxicity to heavy metals, USA | * | * | * | * |
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EM Source or Collection
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US EPA | * | * | * | * |
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EM Source Document ID
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462 | * | * | * | * |
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Document Author
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Chapman, G. | * | * | * | * |
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Document Year
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1978 | * | * | * | * |
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Document Title
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Toxicities of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc to Four Juvenile Toxicities of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc to Four Juvenile Stages of Chinook Salmon and Steelhead | * | * | * | * |
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Document Status
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Peer reviewed and published | * | * | * | * |
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Comments on Status
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Published journal manuscript | * | * | * | * |
Software and Access (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
| Not applicable | * | * | * | * | |
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Contact Name
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Gary Chapman | * | * | * | * |
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Contact Address
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Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Western Fish Toxicology Station U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon 97330 | * | * | * | * |
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Contact Email
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N/A | * | * | * | * |
EM Description (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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Summary Description
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ABSTRACT: "Continuous-flow toxicity tests were conducted to determine the relative tolerances of newly hatched alevins, swim-up alevins, parr, and smolts of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) to cadmium, copper, and zinc. Newly hatched alevins were much more tolerant to cadmium and, to a lesser extent, to zinc than were later juvenile forms. However, the later progression from swim-up alevin, through parr, to smolt was accompanied by a slight increase in metal tolerance. The 96-h LC50 values for all four life stages ranged from 1.0 to >27ug Cd/liter, 17 to 38ug Cu/liter, and 93 to 815ug Zn/liter. Steelhead were consistently more sensitive to these metals than were chinook salmon. When a sensitive life stage for acute toxicity tests with metals is sought, the more resistant newly hatched alevins should be avoided. Although tolerance may increase with age, all later juvenile life stages are more sensitive and should give similar results. | ABSTRACT: "Continuous-flow toxicity tests were conducted to determine the relative tolerances of newly hatched alevins, swim-up alevins, parr, and smolts of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) to cadmium, copper, and zinc. Newly hatched alevins were much more tolerant to cadmium and, to a lesser extent, to zinc than were later juvenile forms. However, the later progression from swim-up alevin, through parr, to smolt was accompanied by a slight increase in metal tolerance. The 96-h LC50 values for all four life stages ranged from 1.0 to >27ug Cd/liter, 17 to 38ug Cu/liter, and 93 to 815ug Zn/liter. Steelhead were consistently more sensitive to these metals than were chinook salmon. When a sensitive life stage for acute toxicity tests with metals is sought, the more resistant newly hatched alevins should be avoided.Although tolerance may increase with age, all later juvenile life stages are more sensitive and should give similar results. | ABSTRACT: "Continuous-flow toxicity tests were conducted to determine the relative tolerances of newly hatched alevins, swim-up alevins, parr, and smolts of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) to cadmium, copper, and zinc. Newly hatched alevins were much more tolerant to cadmium and, to a lesser extent, to zinc than were later juvenile forms. However, the later progression from swim-up alevin, through parr, to smolt was accompanied by a slight increase in metal tolerance. The 96-h LC50 values for all four life stages ranged from 1.0 to >27ug Cd/liter, 17 to 38ug Cu/liter, and 93 to 815ug Zn/liter. Steelhead were consistently more sensitive to these metals than were chinook salmon. When a sensitive life stage for acute toxicity tests with metals is sought, the more resistant newly hatched alevins should be avoided.Although tolerance may increase with age, all later juvenile life stages are more sensitive and should give similar results. | ABSTRACT: "Continuous-flow toxicity tests were conducted to determine the relative tolerances of newly hatched alevins, swim-up alevins, parr, and smolts of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) to cadmium, copper, and zinc. Newly hatched alevins were much more tolerant to cadmium and, to a lesser extent, to zinc than were later juvenile forms. However, the later progression from swim-up alevin, through parr, to smolt was accompanied by a slight increase in metal tolerance. The 96-h LC50 values for all four life stages ranged from 1.0 to >27ug Cd/liter, 17 to 38ug Cu/liter, and 93 to 815ug Zn/liter. Steelhead were consistently more sensitive to these metals than were chinook salmon. When a sensitive life stage for acute toxicity tests with metals is sought, the more resistant newly hatched alevins should be avoided.Although tolerance may increase with age, all later juvenile life stages are more sensitive and should give similar results. | ABSTRACT: "Continuous-flow toxicity tests were conducted to determine the relative tolerances of newly hatched alevins, swim-up alevins, parr, and smolts of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) to cadmium, copper, and zinc. Newly hatched alevins were much more tolerant to cadmium and, to a lesser extent, to zinc than were later juvenile forms. However, the later progression from swim-up alevin, through parr, to smolt was accompanied by a slight increase in metal tolerance. The 96-h LC50 values for all four life stages ranged from 1.0 to >27ug Cd/liter, 17 to 38ug Cu/liter, and 93 to 815ug Zn/liter. Steelhead were consistently more sensitive to these metals than were chinook salmon. When a sensitive life stage for acute toxicity tests with metals is sought, the more resistant newly hatched alevins should be avoided.Although tolerance may increase with age, all later juvenile life stages are more sensitive and should give similar results. |
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Specific Policy or Decision Context Cited
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NA | * | * | * | * |
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Biophysical Context
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Microcosms | * | * | * | * |
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EM Scenario Drivers
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Life stage | * | * | * | * |
EM Relationship to Other EMs or Applications
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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Method Only, Application of Method or Model Run
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Method + Application (multiple runs exist) | Model Run Associated with a Specific EM Application | Model Run Associated with a Specific EM Application | Model Run Associated with a Specific EM Application | Model Run Associated with a Specific EM Application |
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New or Pre-existing EM?
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New or revised model | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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Document ID for related EM
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None | None | None | None | None |
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EM ID for related EM
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None | None | None | None | None |
EM Modeling Approach
EM Relationship to Time (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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EM Temporal Extent
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1978 | * | * | * | * |
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EM Time Dependence
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time-stationary | * | * | * | * |
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EM Time Reference (Future/Past)
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Not applicable | * | * | * | * |
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EM Time Continuity
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Not applicable | * | * | * | * |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Value
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Not applicable | * | * | * | * |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Unit
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Not applicable | * | * | * | * |
EM spatial extent (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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Bounding Type
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Geopolitical | * | * | * | * |
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Spatial Extent Name
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Northwest | * | * | * | * |
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Spatial Extent Area (Magnitude)
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100,000-1,000,000 km^2 | * | * | * | * |
Spatial Distribution of Computations (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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EM Spatial Distribution
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spatially lumped (in all cases) | * | * | * | * |
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Spatial Grain Type
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Not applicable | * | * | * | * |
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Spatial Grain Size
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Not applicable | * | * | * | * |
EM Structure and Computation Approach (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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EM Computational Approach
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Numeric | * | * | * | * |
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EM Determinism
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deterministic | * | * | * | * |
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Statistical Estimation of EM
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* | * | * | * |
Model Checking Procedures Used (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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Model Calibration Reported?
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No | * | * | * | * |
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Model Goodness of Fit Reported?
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No | * | * | * | * |
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Goodness of Fit (metric| value | unit)
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None | * | * | * | * |
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Model Operational Validation Reported?
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No | * | * | * | * |
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Model Uncertainty Analysis Reported?
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No | * | * | * | * |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Reported?
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Yes | * | * | * | * |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Include Interactions?
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Yes | * | * | * | * |
EM Locations, Environments, Ecology
Location of EM Application (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])
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| EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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* | * | * | * |
Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)
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| EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
| None | * | * | * | * |
Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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Centroid Latitude
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44.53 | * | * | * | * |
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Centroid Longitude
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123.25 | * | * | * | * |
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Centroid Datum
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WGS84 | * | * | * | * |
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Centroid Coordinates Status
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Estimated | * | * | * | * |
Environments and Scales Modeled (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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EM Environmental Sub-Class
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Rivers and Streams | * | * | * | * |
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Specific Environment Type
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Modeling stream exposure | * | * | * | * |
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EM Ecological Scale
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Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class | * | * | * | * |
Organisms modeled (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)
Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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EM Organismal Scale
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Species | * | * | * | * |
Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified
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| EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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* | * | * | * |
EnviroAtlas URL
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| EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
| None Available | None Available | None Available | None Available | None Available |
EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system
* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left
CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)
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| EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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* | * | * | * |
(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)
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| EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
| None | * | * | * | * |
EM Variable Names (and Units)
* Note that for runs, variable name is displayed only where data for that variable differed by run AND those differences were reported in the source document. Where differences occurred but were not reported, the variable is not listed. Click on variable name to view details.
Predictor
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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Driving Variables (and Units)
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* | * | * | * | |
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Constant or Factor Variables (and Units)
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None | * | * | * | * |
Intermediate
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EM ID
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EM-984 | Alevin | Swim-up | Parr | Smolt |
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Intermediate (Computed) Variables (and Units)
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* | * | * | * |
Response
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