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EM-697: Grassland restoration on landfill sites in the East Midlands, United Kingdom: An evaluation of floral resources and pollinating insects
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EM Identity and Description
| EM-697 | |
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Document Author
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Tarrant S., J. Ollerton, M. L Rahman, J. Tarrant, and D. McCollin |
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Document Year
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2013 |
Variable General Info
Floral cover ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. A “floral cover” method to represent available floral resources was used which combines floral abundance with inflorescence size. Mean area of the floral unit from above was measured for each flowering plant species and then multiplied by their frequencies. The sizes of the floral units were determined through field sampling, and checked for consistency using previously published literature. Only open flowers likely to produce nectar or pollen were recorded. |
Floral units ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. All flowering plants were identified to species level using Stace (1991) and Kent (1992), and the total number of flowering units recorded. One floral unit was defined as a head (e.g. Trifolium pratense), an umbel (e.g. Daucus carota), or a capitulum (e.g. Centaurea scabiosa). “Flowering plants” henceforth refer to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Plant species ?Comment:All flowering plants were identified to species level. “Flowering plants” refers to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Season ?Comment:All sites were surveyed three times each during the fieldwork season, in Spring, Summer, and Autumn. |
Site size ?Comment:Site size selection criteria was > 0.5 ha. |
Site type (landfill/reference) ?Comment:Nine restored landfill sites were selected in the East Midlands, United Kingdom (Table 1). The sites had similar characteristics and were representative of restored landfill sites within the region and probably within lowland Britain as a whole. Comparison reference sites were the closest grassland sites of recognized nature conservation value, being designated as either Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). |
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Variable ID
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16510 | 16508 | 16506 | 16505 | 16509 | 16504 |
| Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | |
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Qualitative-Quantitative
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Quantitative (Cardinal Only) | Quantitative (Cardinal Only) | Qualitative (Class, Rating or Ranking) | Qualitative (Class, Rating or Ranking) | Quantitative (Cardinal Only) | Qualitative (Class, Rating or Ranking) |
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Cardinal-Ordinal
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Cardinal | Cardinal | Non-Ordinal | Non-Ordinal | Cardinal | Non-Ordinal |
| cm^2 | No. | Not applicable | Not applicable | ha | Not applicable |
Variable Typology
Floral cover ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. A “floral cover” method to represent available floral resources was used which combines floral abundance with inflorescence size. Mean area of the floral unit from above was measured for each flowering plant species and then multiplied by their frequencies. The sizes of the floral units were determined through field sampling, and checked for consistency using previously published literature. Only open flowers likely to produce nectar or pollen were recorded. |
Floral units ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. All flowering plants were identified to species level using Stace (1991) and Kent (1992), and the total number of flowering units recorded. One floral unit was defined as a head (e.g. Trifolium pratense), an umbel (e.g. Daucus carota), or a capitulum (e.g. Centaurea scabiosa). “Flowering plants” henceforth refer to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Plant species ?Comment:All flowering plants were identified to species level. “Flowering plants” refers to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Season ?Comment:All sites were surveyed three times each during the fieldwork season, in Spring, Summer, and Autumn. |
Site size ?Comment:Site size selection criteria was > 0.5 ha. |
Site type (landfill/reference) ?Comment:Nine restored landfill sites were selected in the East Midlands, United Kingdom (Table 1). The sites had similar characteristics and were representative of restored landfill sites within the region and probably within lowland Britain as a whole. Comparison reference sites were the closest grassland sites of recognized nature conservation value, being designated as either Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). |
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Predictor-Intermediate-Response
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Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
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Predictor Variable Type
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Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
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Response Variable Type
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Data Source/Type
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Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Map or database (e.g., wide coverage, wide availability, measured or modeled) | Map or database (e.g., wide coverage, wide availability, measured or modeled) |
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Variable Classification Hierarchy
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5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
N. Not classified |
2. Land Surface (or Water Body) Cover, Use, Substrate, or Metric |
2. Land Surface (or Water Body) Cover, Use, Substrate, or Metric |
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--Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of living ecosystem components |
--Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of living ecosystem components |
--Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of living ecosystem components |
--Spatial resolution or extent of cell, pixel, polygon |
--Land use/land cover type or dominant habitat type |
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----Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of flora and fungi |
----Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of flora and fungi |
----Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of flora and fungi |
----Other, multiple, unspecified or unclear |
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------Herbaceous plants (grasses, forbs) |
------Herbaceous plants (grasses, forbs) |
------Herbaceous plants (grasses, forbs) |
Variable Spatial Characteristics
Floral cover ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. A “floral cover” method to represent available floral resources was used which combines floral abundance with inflorescence size. Mean area of the floral unit from above was measured for each flowering plant species and then multiplied by their frequencies. The sizes of the floral units were determined through field sampling, and checked for consistency using previously published literature. Only open flowers likely to produce nectar or pollen were recorded. |
Floral units ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. All flowering plants were identified to species level using Stace (1991) and Kent (1992), and the total number of flowering units recorded. One floral unit was defined as a head (e.g. Trifolium pratense), an umbel (e.g. Daucus carota), or a capitulum (e.g. Centaurea scabiosa). “Flowering plants” henceforth refer to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Plant species ?Comment:All flowering plants were identified to species level. “Flowering plants” refers to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Season ?Comment:All sites were surveyed three times each during the fieldwork season, in Spring, Summer, and Autumn. |
Site size ?Comment:Site size selection criteria was > 0.5 ha. |
Site type (landfill/reference) ?Comment:Nine restored landfill sites were selected in the East Midlands, United Kingdom (Table 1). The sites had similar characteristics and were representative of restored landfill sites within the region and probably within lowland Britain as a whole. Comparison reference sites were the closest grassland sites of recognized nature conservation value, being designated as either Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). |
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Spatial Extent Area
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1000-10,000 km^2. ?Comment:One sample transect per site (18 total sites). |
1000-10,000 km^2. ?Comment:One survey transect per site (18 total sites). |
1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. |
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Spatially Distributed?
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Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
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Observations Spatially Patterned?
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Yes | Yes | No | Not applicable | No | No |
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Spatial Grain Type
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Area, for pixel or radial feature | Area, for pixel or radial feature | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Spatial Grain Size
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100 x 2m | 100 x 2m | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Spatial Density
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Not applicable | Not applicable | 18 sites, 9 landfill and 9 reference | Not applicable | 18 sites; 9 landfill and 9 reference | 18 total sites, 9 landfill and 9 reference |
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EnviroAtlas URL
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GAP Ecological Systems | GAP Ecological Systems | GAP Ecological Systems |
Variable Temporal Characteristics
Floral cover ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. A “floral cover” method to represent available floral resources was used which combines floral abundance with inflorescence size. Mean area of the floral unit from above was measured for each flowering plant species and then multiplied by their frequencies. The sizes of the floral units were determined through field sampling, and checked for consistency using previously published literature. Only open flowers likely to produce nectar or pollen were recorded. |
Floral units ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. All flowering plants were identified to species level using Stace (1991) and Kent (1992), and the total number of flowering units recorded. One floral unit was defined as a head (e.g. Trifolium pratense), an umbel (e.g. Daucus carota), or a capitulum (e.g. Centaurea scabiosa). “Flowering plants” henceforth refer to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Plant species ?Comment:All flowering plants were identified to species level. “Flowering plants” refers to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Season ?Comment:All sites were surveyed three times each during the fieldwork season, in Spring, Summer, and Autumn. |
Site size ?Comment:Site size selection criteria was > 0.5 ha. |
Site type (landfill/reference) ?Comment:Nine restored landfill sites were selected in the East Midlands, United Kingdom (Table 1). The sites had similar characteristics and were representative of restored landfill sites within the region and probably within lowland Britain as a whole. Comparison reference sites were the closest grassland sites of recognized nature conservation value, being designated as either Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). |
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Temporal Extent
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2007-2008 | 2007-2008 | 2007-2008 | 2007-2008 | 2007-2008 | 2007-2008 |
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Temporally Distributed?
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Yes | Yes | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Regular Temporal Grain?
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Not applicable | Not applicable | No | No | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Temporal Grain Size Value
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Temporal Grain Size Units
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Temporal Density
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Three seasons, spring, summer, fall | Three separate seasons, spring, summer, fall | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Variable Values
Floral cover ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. A “floral cover” method to represent available floral resources was used which combines floral abundance with inflorescence size. Mean area of the floral unit from above was measured for each flowering plant species and then multiplied by their frequencies. The sizes of the floral units were determined through field sampling, and checked for consistency using previously published literature. Only open flowers likely to produce nectar or pollen were recorded. |
Floral units ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. All flowering plants were identified to species level using Stace (1991) and Kent (1992), and the total number of flowering units recorded. One floral unit was defined as a head (e.g. Trifolium pratense), an umbel (e.g. Daucus carota), or a capitulum (e.g. Centaurea scabiosa). “Flowering plants” henceforth refer to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Plant species ?Comment:All flowering plants were identified to species level. “Flowering plants” refers to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Season ?Comment:All sites were surveyed three times each during the fieldwork season, in Spring, Summer, and Autumn. |
Site size ?Comment:Site size selection criteria was > 0.5 ha. |
Site type (landfill/reference) ?Comment:Nine restored landfill sites were selected in the East Midlands, United Kingdom (Table 1). The sites had similar characteristics and were representative of restored landfill sites within the region and probably within lowland Britain as a whole. Comparison reference sites were the closest grassland sites of recognized nature conservation value, being designated as either Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). |
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| Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable | Not applicable |
ha ?Comment:0.58 - 34.00 ha for 9 landfill sites. 0.79 - 21.36 ha for 9 reference sites. |
Not applicable | |
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Min Value
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Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable | Not applicable | 0.58 | Not applicable |
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Max Value
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Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable | Not applicable | 34.00 | Not applicable |
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Other Value Type
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Other Value
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Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not reported | Not applicable |
Variable Variability and Sensitivity
Floral cover ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. A “floral cover” method to represent available floral resources was used which combines floral abundance with inflorescence size. Mean area of the floral unit from above was measured for each flowering plant species and then multiplied by their frequencies. The sizes of the floral units were determined through field sampling, and checked for consistency using previously published literature. Only open flowers likely to produce nectar or pollen were recorded. |
Floral units ?Comment:Standardized plant surveys were used (Dicks et al. 2002; Potts et al. 2006). Transects (100 × 2m) were centered from the approximate middle of the site. All flowering plants were identified to species level using Stace (1991) and Kent (1992), and the total number of flowering units recorded. One floral unit was defined as a head (e.g. Trifolium pratense), an umbel (e.g. Daucus carota), or a capitulum (e.g. Centaurea scabiosa). “Flowering plants” henceforth refer to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Plant species ?Comment:All flowering plants were identified to species level. “Flowering plants” refers to insect pollinated plants which were in flower during these surveys. |
Season ?Comment:All sites were surveyed three times each during the fieldwork season, in Spring, Summer, and Autumn. |
Site size ?Comment:Site size selection criteria was > 0.5 ha. |
Site type (landfill/reference) ?Comment:Nine restored landfill sites were selected in the East Midlands, United Kingdom (Table 1). The sites had similar characteristics and were representative of restored landfill sites within the region and probably within lowland Britain as a whole. Comparison reference sites were the closest grassland sites of recognized nature conservation value, being designated as either Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). |
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Variability Expression Given?
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No | No | Not applicable | Not applicable | No | Not applicable |
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Variability Metric
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None | None | None | None | None | None |
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Variability Value
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None | None | None | None | None | None |
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Variability Units
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None | None | None | None | None | None |
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Resampling Used?
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Variability Expression Used in Modeling?
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Variable Operational Validation (Response Variables only)
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Variable ID
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Validated?
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Validation Approach (within, between, etc.)
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Validation Quality (Qual/Quant)
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Validation Method (Stat/Deviance)
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Validation Metric
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Validation Value
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Validation Units
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Use of Measured Response Data
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