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EM-777: Bee diversity in tallgrass prairies affected by management and its effects on above‐ and below‐ground resources
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EM-777 | |
Document Author
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Buckles, B. J., and A. N. Harmon-Threatt |
Document Year
variable.detail.emDocumentYearHelp
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2019 |
Bare ground rank |
Bee community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management bee community composition was not reported in the paper. |
Management type ?Comment:Twenty 1 ha plots were evenly distributed across three management types—burning, burning and haying, or patch‐burn grazing. Plots were sampled in two patches in each grazed prairie site, one less than a year since the most recent fire (patch‐burn grazing‐Y1) and one that had not been burned during the previous 2 years (patch‐burn grazing‐Y3) resulting in a total of four treatments, entered as runs in ESML. |
Plant community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management plant community composition and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
Soil bulk density ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Bulk density (g/cm3) was determined by drying an intact 2‐cm‐long portion of the soil sample for an additional 24 hr at 105°C and then dividing the dry mass by the sample's volume. |
Soil moisture ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil pH ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Soil pH was measured on 10 g of soil homogenised in 10 ml of distilled water after resting for 15 min using a digital pH meter (Mettler Toledo). To ensure accuracy the pH meter was calibrated prior to each use. |
Soil temperature ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil texture ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. To determine soil texture, 15 g of soil was added to 15 ml of distilled water in a 25 cm2 flat bottomed cell culture flask and shaken vigorously. After settling for a minimum of 24 hr, the relative proportion of each layer of the clay, silt and sand was measured and used to determine the soil texture (USDA NRCS, 2016). |
Soil type ?Comment:Soil type and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
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Variable ID
variable.detail.varIdHelp
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18915 | 18910 | 18912 | 18909 | 18916 | 18913 | 18918 | 18914 | 18917 | 18911 |
Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | |
Qualitative-Quantitative
variable.detail.continuousCategoricalHelp
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Qualitative (Class, Rating or Ranking) | Qualitative (Class, Rating or Ranking) | Qualitative (Class, Rating or Ranking) | Qualitative (Class, Rating or Ranking) | Quantitative (Cardinal Only) | Quantitative (Cardinal Only) | Quantitative (Cardinal Only) | Quantitative (Cardinal Only) | Qualitative (Class, Rating or Ranking) | Qualitative (Class, Rating or Ranking) |
Cardinal-Ordinal
variable.detail.cardinalOrdinalHelp
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Ordinal | Non-Ordinal | Non-Ordinal | Non-Ordinal | Cardinal | Cardinal | Cardinal | Cardinal | Non-Ordinal | Non-Ordinal |
Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | g cm^-3 | % | unitless | °C | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Bare ground rank |
Bee community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management bee community composition was not reported in the paper. |
Management type ?Comment:Twenty 1 ha plots were evenly distributed across three management types—burning, burning and haying, or patch‐burn grazing. Plots were sampled in two patches in each grazed prairie site, one less than a year since the most recent fire (patch‐burn grazing‐Y1) and one that had not been burned during the previous 2 years (patch‐burn grazing‐Y3) resulting in a total of four treatments, entered as runs in ESML. |
Plant community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management plant community composition and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
Soil bulk density ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Bulk density (g/cm3) was determined by drying an intact 2‐cm‐long portion of the soil sample for an additional 24 hr at 105°C and then dividing the dry mass by the sample's volume. |
Soil moisture ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil pH ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Soil pH was measured on 10 g of soil homogenised in 10 ml of distilled water after resting for 15 min using a digital pH meter (Mettler Toledo). To ensure accuracy the pH meter was calibrated prior to each use. |
Soil temperature ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil texture ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. To determine soil texture, 15 g of soil was added to 15 ml of distilled water in a 25 cm2 flat bottomed cell culture flask and shaken vigorously. After settling for a minimum of 24 hr, the relative proportion of each layer of the clay, silt and sand was measured and used to determine the soil texture (USDA NRCS, 2016). |
Soil type ?Comment:Soil type and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
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Predictor-Intermediate-Response
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Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor |
Predictor Variable Type
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Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Time- or Space-varying Variable |
Response Variable Type
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Data Source/Type
variable.detail.dataTypeHelp
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Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Local field/Lab data (e.g., particular to the EM study) | Map or database (e.g., wide coverage, wide availability, measured or modeled) |
Variable Classification Hierarchy
variable.detail.vchLevel1Help
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5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
1. Policy Regarding Use or Management of Ecosystem Resources |
5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
5. Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
2. Land Surface (or Water Body) Cover, Use, Substrate, or Metric |
--Physical/chemical characteristics of nonliving ecosystem components |
--Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of living ecosystem components |
--Land parcel-specific policies (e.g., regarding parcel use, development, protection, management) |
--Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of living ecosystem components |
--Physical/chemical characteristics of nonliving ecosystem components |
--Physical/chemical characteristics of nonliving ecosystem components |
--Physical/chemical characteristics of nonliving ecosystem components |
--Physical/chemical characteristics of nonliving ecosystem components |
--Physical/chemical characteristics of nonliving ecosystem components |
--Dominant soil or substrate type |
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----Physical/chemical characteristics of soils, substrates, rocks |
----Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of fauna |
----Land management practice goals or obligations |
----Biological characteristics, processes or requirements of flora and fungi |
----Physical/chemical characteristics of soils, substrates, rocks |
----Physical/chemical characteristics of soils, substrates, rocks |
----Physical/chemical characteristics of soils, substrates, rocks |
----Physical/chemical characteristics of soils, substrates, rocks |
----Physical/chemical characteristics of soils, substrates, rocks |
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------Other, multiple, unspecified or unclear |
------Pollinators (nonspecific) |
------Herbaceous plants (grasses, forbs) |
------Soil structural characteristics |
------Soil hydrologic characteristics |
------Soil chemistry, composition, and characteristics (non-contaminants) |
------Soil temperature |
------Soil chemistry, composition, and characteristics (non-contaminants) |
Bare ground rank |
Bee community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management bee community composition was not reported in the paper. |
Management type ?Comment:Twenty 1 ha plots were evenly distributed across three management types—burning, burning and haying, or patch‐burn grazing. Plots were sampled in two patches in each grazed prairie site, one less than a year since the most recent fire (patch‐burn grazing‐Y1) and one that had not been burned during the previous 2 years (patch‐burn grazing‐Y3) resulting in a total of four treatments, entered as runs in ESML. |
Plant community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management plant community composition and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
Soil bulk density ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Bulk density (g/cm3) was determined by drying an intact 2‐cm‐long portion of the soil sample for an additional 24 hr at 105°C and then dividing the dry mass by the sample's volume. |
Soil moisture ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil pH ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Soil pH was measured on 10 g of soil homogenised in 10 ml of distilled water after resting for 15 min using a digital pH meter (Mettler Toledo). To ensure accuracy the pH meter was calibrated prior to each use. |
Soil temperature ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil texture ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. To determine soil texture, 15 g of soil was added to 15 ml of distilled water in a 25 cm2 flat bottomed cell culture flask and shaken vigorously. After settling for a minimum of 24 hr, the relative proportion of each layer of the clay, silt and sand was measured and used to determine the soil texture (USDA NRCS, 2016). |
Soil type ?Comment:Soil type and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
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Spatial Extent Area
variable.detail.spExtentHelp
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1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. | 1000-10,000 km^2. |
Spatially Distributed?
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Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations Spatially Patterned?
variable.detail.regularSpGrainHelp
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Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Spatial Grain Type
variable.detail.spGrainTypeHelp
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area, for pixel or radial feature | area, for pixel or radial feature | area, for pixel or radial feature | area, for pixel or radial feature | area, for pixel or radial feature | area, for pixel or radial feature | area, for pixel or radial feature | area, for pixel or radial feature | area, for pixel or radial feature | area, for pixel or radial feature |
Spatial Grain Size
variable.detail.spGrainSizeHelp
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1 ha | 1 ha | 1 ha | 1 ha | 1 ha | 1 ha | 1 ha | 1 ha | 1 ha | 1 ha |
Spatial Density
variable.detail.spDensityHelp
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
EnviroAtlas URL
variable.detail.enviroAtlasURLHelp
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Acres of Land Enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) | GAP Ecological Systems |
Bare ground rank |
Bee community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management bee community composition was not reported in the paper. |
Management type ?Comment:Twenty 1 ha plots were evenly distributed across three management types—burning, burning and haying, or patch‐burn grazing. Plots were sampled in two patches in each grazed prairie site, one less than a year since the most recent fire (patch‐burn grazing‐Y1) and one that had not been burned during the previous 2 years (patch‐burn grazing‐Y3) resulting in a total of four treatments, entered as runs in ESML. |
Plant community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management plant community composition and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
Soil bulk density ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Bulk density (g/cm3) was determined by drying an intact 2‐cm‐long portion of the soil sample for an additional 24 hr at 105°C and then dividing the dry mass by the sample's volume. |
Soil moisture ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil pH ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Soil pH was measured on 10 g of soil homogenised in 10 ml of distilled water after resting for 15 min using a digital pH meter (Mettler Toledo). To ensure accuracy the pH meter was calibrated prior to each use. |
Soil temperature ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil texture ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. To determine soil texture, 15 g of soil was added to 15 ml of distilled water in a 25 cm2 flat bottomed cell culture flask and shaken vigorously. After settling for a minimum of 24 hr, the relative proportion of each layer of the clay, silt and sand was measured and used to determine the soil texture (USDA NRCS, 2016). |
Soil type ?Comment:Soil type and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
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Temporal Extent
variable.detail.tempExtentHelp
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2012-2016 | 2012-2016 | 2012-2016 | 2012-2016 | 2012-2016 | 2012-2016 | 2012-2016 | 2012-2016 | 2012-2016 | 2012-2016 |
Temporally Distributed?
variable.detail.tempDistributedHelp
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Regular Temporal Grain?
variable.detail.regularTempGrainHelp
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Temporal Grain Size Value
variable.detail.tempGrainSizeValHelp
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Temporal Grain Size Units
variable.detail.tempGrainSizeUnitHelp
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Temporal Density
variable.detail.tempDensityHelp
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Bare ground rank |
Bee community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management bee community composition was not reported in the paper. |
Management type ?Comment:Twenty 1 ha plots were evenly distributed across three management types—burning, burning and haying, or patch‐burn grazing. Plots were sampled in two patches in each grazed prairie site, one less than a year since the most recent fire (patch‐burn grazing‐Y1) and one that had not been burned during the previous 2 years (patch‐burn grazing‐Y3) resulting in a total of four treatments, entered as runs in ESML. |
Plant community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management plant community composition and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
Soil bulk density ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Bulk density (g/cm3) was determined by drying an intact 2‐cm‐long portion of the soil sample for an additional 24 hr at 105°C and then dividing the dry mass by the sample's volume. |
Soil moisture ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil pH ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Soil pH was measured on 10 g of soil homogenised in 10 ml of distilled water after resting for 15 min using a digital pH meter (Mettler Toledo). To ensure accuracy the pH meter was calibrated prior to each use. |
Soil temperature ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil texture ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. To determine soil texture, 15 g of soil was added to 15 ml of distilled water in a 25 cm2 flat bottomed cell culture flask and shaken vigorously. After settling for a minimum of 24 hr, the relative proportion of each layer of the clay, silt and sand was measured and used to determine the soil texture (USDA NRCS, 2016). |
Soil type ?Comment:Soil type and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
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Not applicable ?Comment:Bare ground was assessed using a ranked scale from 0 to 4 (0:0%, 1:1%–25%, 2:26%–50%, 3:51%–75% and 4: >75%). |
Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Min Value
variable.detail.minEstHelp
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Max Value
variable.detail.estHelp
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Other Value Type
variable.detail.natureOtherEstHelp
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Mean | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Mean | Not applicable | Mean | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Other Value
variable.detail.otherEstHelp
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Varies by run; view runs to see values | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not reported | Varies by run; view runs to see value | Not reported | Varies by run; view runs to see value | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Bare ground rank |
Bee community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management bee community composition was not reported in the paper. |
Management type ?Comment:Twenty 1 ha plots were evenly distributed across three management types—burning, burning and haying, or patch‐burn grazing. Plots were sampled in two patches in each grazed prairie site, one less than a year since the most recent fire (patch‐burn grazing‐Y1) and one that had not been burned during the previous 2 years (patch‐burn grazing‐Y3) resulting in a total of four treatments, entered as runs in ESML. |
Plant community composition (pre-management) ?Comment:Pre-management plant community composition and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
Soil bulk density ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Bulk density (g/cm3) was determined by drying an intact 2‐cm‐long portion of the soil sample for an additional 24 hr at 105°C and then dividing the dry mass by the sample's volume. |
Soil moisture ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil pH ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. Soil pH was measured on 10 g of soil homogenised in 10 ml of distilled water after resting for 15 min using a digital pH meter (Mettler Toledo). To ensure accuracy the pH meter was calibrated prior to each use. |
Soil temperature ?Comment:To determine soil characteristics both at the soil surface and at the depths of nesting for bees, 17 ± 26 cm (Cane & Neff, 2011) soil cores were taken under the centre of each tent using a 2 cm in diameter and 30‐cm‐long soil probe when tents were removed. Soil temperature and moisture levels were measured at the soil surface and at 30 cm by inserting a digital thermometer (Cooper ATKINS®) and a soil moisture meter (EXTECH®) into the top and bottom of the soil core respectively. |
Soil texture ?Comment:Soil samples were dried at ambient temperature (20°C, ~45% humidity) for one month to reduce moisture content before measuring bulk density, soil texture and pH on surface and bottom section of cores. To determine soil texture, 15 g of soil was added to 15 ml of distilled water in a 25 cm2 flat bottomed cell culture flask and shaken vigorously. After settling for a minimum of 24 hr, the relative proportion of each layer of the clay, silt and sand was measured and used to determine the soil texture (USDA NRCS, 2016). |
Soil type ?Comment:Soil type and characteristics were not reported in the paper. |
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Variability Expression Given?
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Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Not applicable | |||
Variability Metric
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None | None | None | None |
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None |
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None | None | |||
Variability Value
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None | None | None | None |
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None |
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None | None | |||
Variability Units
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None | None | None | None |
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None |
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None | None | |||
Resampling Used?
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No | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | No | Not applicable | No | Not applicable | Not applicable | |||
Variability Expression Used in Modeling?
variable.detail.variabilityUsedHelp
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Yes | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Yes | Not applicable | Yes | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Variable ID
variable.detail.varIdHelp
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Validated?
variable.detail.resValidatedHelp
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Validation Approach (within, between, etc.)
variable.detail.validationApproachHelp
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Validation Quality (Qual/Quant)
variable.detail.validationQualityHelp
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Validation Method (Stat/Deviance)
variable.detail.validationMethodHelp
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Validation Metric
variable.detail.validationMetricHelp
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Validation Value
variable.detail.validationValHelp
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Validation Units
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Use of Measured Response Data
variable.detail.measuredResponseDataHelp
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