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EM Identity and Description

EM Identification (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
EM Short Name em.detail.shortNameHelp ?	Annual profit - carbon plantings, South Australia	Profit from carbon plantings, South Australia	Profit from carbon plantings, South Australia
EM Full Name em.detail.fullNameHelp ?	Annual profit from carbon plantings, South Australia	Expected annual profit from carbon plantings, South Australia	Expected annual profit from carbon plantings, South Australia
EM Source or Collection em.detail.emSourceOrCollectionHelp ?	None	*	*
EM Source Document ID	243	*	*
Document Author em.detail.documentAuthorHelp ?	Crossman, N. D., Bryan, B. A., and Summers, D. M.	*	*
Document Year em.detail.documentYearHelp ?	2011	*	*
Document Title em.detail.sourceIdHelp ?	Carbon payments and low-cost conservation	*	*
Document Status em.detail.statusCategoryHelp ?	Peer reviewed and published	*	*
Comments on Status em.detail.commentsOnStatusHelp ?	Published journal manuscript	*	*

Software and Access (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
EM Software Access info Exit em.detail.modelAccessInformationHelp ?	Not applicable	*	*
Contact Name em.detail.contactNameHelp ?	Neville D. Crossman	*	*
Contact Address	CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia	*	*
Contact Email	neville.crossman@csiro.au	*	*

EM Description (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Summary Description em.detail.summaryDescriptionHelp ?	ABSTRACT: "A price on carbon is expected to generate demand for carbon offset schemes. This demand could drive investment in tree-based monocultures that provide higher carbon yields than diverse plantings of native tree and shrub species, which sequester less carbon but provide greater variation in vegetation structure and composition. Economic instruments such as species conservation banking, the creation and trading of credits that represent biological-diversity values on private land, could close the financial gap between monocultures and more diverse plantings by providing payments to individuals who plant diverse species in locations that contribute to conservation and restoration goals. We studied a highly modified agricultural system in southern Australia that is typical of many temperate agriculture zones globally (i.e., has a high proportion of endangered species, high levels of habitat fragmentation, and presence of non-native species). We quantified the economic returns...from carbon plantings (monoculture and mixed tree and shrubs) under six carbon-price scenarios." AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "The economic returns of carbon plantings are highly variable and depend primarily on carbon yield and price and opportunity costs (Newell & Stavins 2000; Richards & Stokes 2004; Torres et al. 2010)...The spatial variation in carbon yield and costs, including establishment, maintenance, transaction, and opportunity costs, means that the net economic returns of carbon plantings are also likely to vary spatially."	ABSTRACT: "A price on carbon is expected to generate demand for carbon offset schemes. This demand could drive investment in tree-based monocultures that provide higher carbon yields than diverse plantings of native tree and shrub species, which sequester less carbon but provide greater variation in vegetation structure and composition. Economic instruments such as species conservation banking, the creation and trading of credits that represent biological-diversity values on private land, could close the financial gap between monocultures and more diverse plantings by providing payments to individuals who plant diverse species in locations that contribute to conservation and restoration goals. We studied a highly modified agricultural system in southern Australia that is typical of many temperate agriculture zones globally (i.e., has a high proportion of endangered species, high levels of habitat fragmentation, and presence of non-native species). We quantified the economic returns...from carbon plantings (monoculture and mixed tree and shrubs) under six carbon-price scenarios." AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "The economic returns of carbon plantings are highly variable and depend primarily on carbon yield and price and opportunity costs (Newell & Stavins 2000; Richards & Stokes 2004; Torres et al. 2010)...The spatial variation in carbon yield and costs, including establishment, maintenance, transaction, and opportunity costs, means that the net economic returns of carbon plantings are also likely to vary spatially." The model presented here quantifies economic returns from a diverse mix of nine tree and shrub species, referred to as "ecological carbon plantings".	ABSTRACT: "A price on carbon is expected to generate demand for carbon offset schemes. This demand could drive investment in tree-based monocultures that provide higher carbon yields than diverse plantings of native tree and shrub species, which sequester less carbon but provide greater variation in vegetation structure and composition. Economic instruments such as species conservation banking, the creation and trading of credits that represent biological-diversity values on private land, could close the financial gap between monocultures and more diverse plantings by providing payments to individuals who plant diverse species in locations that contribute to conservation and restoration goals. We studied a highly modified agricultural system in southern Australia that is typical of many temperate agriculture zones globally (i.e., has a high proportion of endangered species, high levels of habitat fragmentation, and presence of non-native species). We quantified the economic returns...from carbon plantings (monoculture and mixed tree and shrubs) under six carbon-price scenarios." AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "The economic returns of carbon plantings are highly variable and depend primarily on carbon yield and price and opportunity costs (Newell & Stavins 2000; Richards & Stokes 2004; Torres et al. 2010)...The spatial variation in carbon yield and costs, including establishment, maintenance, transaction, and opportunity costs, means that the net economic returns of carbon plantings are also likely to vary spatially." The model presented here quantifies the economic returns from monoculture tree stands consisting of one of three tree species.
Specific Policy or Decision Context Cited em.detail.policyDecisionContextHelp ?	None identified	*	*
Biophysical Context	Mix of remnant native vegetation and agricultural land. Remnant vegetation is in 20 large (>10,000 ha) contiguous fragments where rainfall is low. Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are the dominant tree species in the remnant vegetation, and major native vegetation types are open forests, woodlands, and open woodlands. Dominant agricultural uses are annual crops, annual legumes, and grazing of sheep and cows. The climate is Mediterranean with average annual rainfall ranging from 250 mm to 1000 mm.	*	*
EM Scenario Drivers em.detail.scenarioDriverHelp ?	Carbon prices at $10/t CO2^-e, $15/t CO2^-e, $20/t CO2^-e, $25/t CO2^-e, $30/t CO2^-e, and $40/t CO2^-e	*	*

EM Relationship to Other EMs or Applications

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Method Only, Application of Method or Model Run em.detail.methodOrAppHelp ?	Method + Application (multiple runs exist) ? Comment: Runs are differentiated based on the the expected annual profit from two types of carbon plantings: 1) Tree-based monocultures (i.e., monoculture carbon planting) and 2) Diverse plantings of native tree and shrub species (i.e., ecological carbon planting)	Model Run Associated with a Specific EM Application	Model Run Associated with a Specific EM Application
New or Pre-existing EM? em.detail.newOrExistHelp ?	New or revised model	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings

Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Document ID for related EM em.detail.relatedEmDocumentIdHelp ?	Doc-245 \| Doc-246 \| Doc-247 \| Doc-243	None	None
EM ID for related EM em.detail.relatedEmEmIdHelp ?	EM-128 \| EM-141	EM-127 \| EM-141	EM-127 \| EM-128

EM Modeling Approach

EM Relationship to Time (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
EM Temporal Extent em.detail.tempExtentHelp ?	2009-2050	*	*
EM Time Dependence em.detail.timeDependencyHelp ?	time-dependent	*	*
EM Time Reference (Future/Past) em.detail.futurePastHelp ?	future time	*	*
EM Time Continuity em.detail.continueDiscreteHelp ?	discrete	*	*
EM Temporal Grain Size Value em.detail.tempGrainSizeHelp ?	1	*	*
EM Temporal Grain Size Unit em.detail.tempGrainSizeUnitHelp ?	Year	*	*

EM spatial extent (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Bounding Type em.detail.boundingTypeHelp ?	Physiographic or Ecological	*	*
Spatial Extent Name em.detail.extentNameHelp ?	Agricultural districts of the state of South Australia	*	*
Spatial Extent Area (Magnitude) em.detail.extentAreaHelp ?	100,000-1,000,000 km^2	*	*

Spatial Distribution of Computations (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
EM Spatial Distribution em.detail.distributeLumpHelp ?	spatially distributed (in at least some cases)	*	*
Spatial Grain Type em.detail.spGrainTypeHelp ?	area, for pixel or radial feature	*	*
Spatial Grain Size em.detail.spGrainSizeHelp ?	1 ha x 1 ha	*	*

EM Structure and Computation Approach (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
EM Computational Approach em.detail.emComputationalApproachHelp ?	Analytic	*	*
EM Determinism em.detail.deterStochHelp ?	deterministic	*	*
Statistical Estimation of EM em.detail.statisticalEstimationHelp ?	None	*	*

Model Checking Procedures Used (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Model Calibration Reported? em.detail.calibrationHelp ?	No	*	*
Model Goodness of Fit Reported? em.detail.goodnessFitHelp ?	No	*	*
Goodness of Fit (metric\| value \| unit) em.detail.goodnessFitValuesHelp ?	None	*	*
Model Operational Validation Reported? em.detail.validationHelp ?	No	*	*
Model Uncertainty Analysis Reported? em.detail.uncertaintyAnalysisHelp ?	No	*	*
Model Sensitivity Analysis Reported? em.detail.sensAnalysisHelp ?	No	*	*
Model Sensitivity Analysis Include Interactions? em.detail.interactionConsiderHelp ?	Not applicable	*	*

EM Locations, Environments, Ecology

Location of EM Application (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])

EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Oceania Australia	*	*

Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)

EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
None	*	*

Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Centroid Latitude em.detail.ddLatHelp ?	-34.9	*	*
Centroid Longitude em.detail.ddLongHelp ?	138.7	*	*
Centroid Datum em.detail.datumHelp ?	WGS84	*	*
Centroid Coordinates Status em.detail.coordinateStatusHelp ?	Estimated	*	*

Environments and Scales Modeled (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
EM Environmental Sub-Class em.detail.emEnvironmentalSubclassHelp ?	Agroecosystems	*	*
Specific Environment Type em.detail.specificEnvTypeHelp ?	Agricultural land for annual crops, annual legumes, and grazing of sheep and cows	*	*
EM Ecological Scale em.detail.ecoScaleHelp ?	Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class	Ecological region	Ecological region

Organisms modeled (* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left)

Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
EM Organismal Scale em.detail.orgScaleHelp ?	Guild or Assemblage	*	*

Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified

EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Species Acacia implexa Eucalyptus microcarpa Acacia verniciflua Eucalyptus polyanthemos Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus sideroxylon Acacia mearnsii Acacia pycnantha Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus kochii Acacia dealbata	Species Acacia implexa Eucalyptus microcarpa Acacia verniciflua Eucalyptus polyanthemos Eucalyptus sideroxylon Acacia mearnsii Acacia pycnantha Eucalyptus camaldulensis Acacia dealbata	Species Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus kochii

EnviroAtlas URL

EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Carbon Storage by Tree Biomass	None Available	None Available

EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system

* Note that run information is shown only where run data differ from the "parent" entry shown at left

CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)

EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
[Ecosystem] Regulation & Maintenance Mediation of waste, toxics and other nuisances Mediation by ecosystems Filtration/sequestration/storage/accumulation by ecosystems	*	*

National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS) Plus

(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)

EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
None	*	*

EM Variable Names (and Units)

* Note that for runs, variable name is displayed only where data for that variable differed by run AND those differences were reported in the source document. Where differences occurred but were not reported, the variable is not listed. Click on variable name to view details.

To view run information for variables, select any variable below or view run data for all variables.

Predictor

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Driving Variables (and Units) em.detail.drivingVariableHelp ?	Annual carbon sequestration (CO2^-e t/ha/yr) Opportunity cost (AU$ ha^-1 yr^-1)	Annual carbon sequestration (CO2^-e t/ha/yr) Opportunity cost (AU$ ha^-1 yr^-1)	Annual carbon sequestration (CO2^-e t/ha/yr) Opportunity cost (AU$ ha^-1 yr^-1)
Constant or Factor Variables (and Units) em.detail.constantFactorVariableHelp ?	Annual discount rate (%) Annual maintenance and transaction cost ($ ha^-1) Carbon price ($/t CO2^-e) Initial establishment cost ($ ha^-1)	Annual discount rate (%) Annual maintenance and transaction cost ($ ha^-1) Carbon price ($/t CO2^-e) Initial establishment cost ($ ha^-1)	Annual discount rate (%) Annual maintenance and transaction cost ($ ha^-1) Carbon price ($/t CO2^-e) Initial establishment cost ($ ha^-1)

Intermediate

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Intermediate (Computed) Variables (and Units) em.detail.intermediateVariableHelp ?	None	*	*

Response

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-127	Run-Ecological carbon plantings	Run-Monoculture carbon plantings
Observed Response Variables (and Units) em.detail.observedResponseHelp ?	None	*	*
Computed Response Variables (and Units) em.detail.computedResponseHelp ?	Expected annual profit from carbon plantings at AU $20/t carbon dioxide^-e (AU$ ha^-1 yr^-1)	Expected annual profit from carbon plantings at AU $20/t carbon dioxide^-e (AU$ ha^-1 yr^-1)	Expected annual profit from carbon plantings at AU$20/t carbon dioxide^-e (AU$ ha^-1 yr^-1)

US EPA

EcoService Models Library (ESML)

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: Annual profit from carbon plantings, South Australia (EM-127)