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EM: Rate of Fire Spread (EM-337)
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EM Identity and Description
EM Identification
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EM ID
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EM-337 |
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EM Short Name
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Rate of Fire Spread |
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EM Full Name
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Rate of Fire Spread |
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EM Source or Collection
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None |
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EM Source Document ID
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306 |
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Document Author
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Rothermel, Richard C. |
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Document Year
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1972 |
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Document Title
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A Mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels |
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Document Status
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Documented, not peer reviewed |
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Comments on Status
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Published USDA Forest Service report |
Software and Access
| http://firelab.org/project/farsite | |
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Contact Name
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Charles McHugh |
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Contact Address
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RMRS Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 US Highway 10 West, Missoula, MT 59808 |
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Contact Email
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cmchugh@fs.fed.us |
EM Description
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Summary Description
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ABSTRACT: "The development of a mathematical model for predicting rate of fire spread and intensity applicable to a wide range of wildland fuels is presented from the conceptual stage through evaluation and demonstration of results to hypothetical fuel models. The model was developed for and is now being used as a basis for appraising fire spread and intensity in the National Fire Danger Rating System. The initial work was done using fuel arrays composed of uniform size particles. Three fuel sizes were tested over a wide range of bulk densities. These were 0.026-inch-square cut excelsior, 114-inch sticks, and 112-inch sticks. The problem of mixed fuel sizes was then resolved by weighting the various particle sizes that compose actual fuel arrays by either surface area or loading, depending upon the feature of the fire being predicted. The model is complete in the sense that no prior knowledge of a fuel's burning characteristics is required. All that is necessary are inputs describing the physical and chemical makeup of the fuel and the environmental conditions in which it is expected to burn. Inputs include fuel loading, fuel depth, fuel particle surface-area-to-volume ratio, fuel particle heat content, fuel particle moisture and mineral content, and the moisture content at which extinction can be expected. Environmental inputs are mean wind velocity and slope of terrain. For heterogeneous mixtures, the fuel properties are entered for each particle size. The model as originally conceived was for dead fuels in a uniform stratum contiguous to the ground, such as litter or grass. It has been found to be useful, however, for fuels ranging from pine needle litter to heavy logging slash and for California brush fields." **FARSITE4 will no longer be supported or available for download or further supported. FlamMap6 now includes FARSITE.** |
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Specific Policy or Decision Context Cited
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None identified |
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Biophysical Context
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Not applicable |
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EM Scenario Drivers
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No scenarios presented |
EM Relationship to Other EMs or Applications
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Method Only, Application of Method or Model Run
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Method Only |
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New or Pre-existing EM?
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New or revised model |
Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML
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Document ID for related EM
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None |
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EM ID for related EM
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None |
EM Modeling Approach
EM Relationship to Time
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EM Temporal Extent
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Not applicable |
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EM Time Dependence
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Not applicable |
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EM Time Reference (Future/Past)
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Not applicable |
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EM Time Continuity
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Not applicable |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Value
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Not applicable |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Unit
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Not applicable |
EM Spatial Extent
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Bounding Type
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Not applicable |
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Spatial Extent Name
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Not applicable |
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Spatial Extent Area (Magnitude)
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Not applicable |
Spatial Distribution of Computations
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EM Spatial Distribution
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Not applicable |
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Spatial Grain Type
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Not applicable |
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Spatial Grain Size
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Not applicable |
EM Structure and Computation Approach
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EM Computational Approach
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Analytic |
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EM Determinism
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deterministic |
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Statistical Estimation of EM
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Model Checking Procedures Used
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Model Calibration Reported?
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Not applicable |
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Model Goodness of Fit Reported?
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Not applicable |
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Goodness of Fit (metric| value | unit)
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None |
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Model Operational Validation Reported?
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No |
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Model Uncertainty Analysis Reported?
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Not applicable |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Reported?
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Not applicable |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Include Interactions?
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Not applicable |
EM Locations, Environments, Ecology
Location of EM Application
Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])
em.detail.relationToSpaceTerrestrialHelp
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| None |
Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)
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| None |
Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)
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Centroid Latitude
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-9999 |
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Centroid Longitude
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-9999 |
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Centroid Datum
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Not applicable |
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Centroid Coordinates Status
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Not applicable |
Environments and Scales Modeled
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EM Environmental Sub-Class
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Terrestrial Environment (sub-classes not fully specified) |
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Specific Environment Type
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Not applicable |
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EM Ecological Scale
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Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class |
Scale and taxa of organisms modeled
Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled
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EM Organismal Scale
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Not applicable |
Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified
taxonomyHelp
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| None Available |
EnviroAtlas URL
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| Average Annual Precipitation |
EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system
CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)
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| None |
(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)
fegs2Help
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| None |
EM Variable Names (and Units)
Predictor
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Intermediate
Response
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Observed Response Variables (and Units)
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None |
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Computed Response Variables (and Units)
view details (2 variables)
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