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EM: Coastal Protection provided by Coral, Seagrasses and Mangroves in Belize: (EM-542)
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EM Identity and Description
EM Identification
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EM ID
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EM-542 |
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EM Short Name
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Coastal protection in Belize |
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EM Full Name
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Coastal Protection provided by Coral, Seagrasses and Mangroves in Belize: |
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EM Source or Collection
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InVEST |
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EM Source Document ID
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350 |
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Document Author
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Guannel, G., Arkema, K., Ruggiero, P., and G. Verutes |
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Document Year
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2016 |
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Document Title
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The Power of Three: Coral Reefs, Seagrasses and Mangroves Protect Coastal Regions and Increase Their Resilience |
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Document Status
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Peer reviewed and published |
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Comments on Status
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Published journal manuscript |
Software and Access
| Not identified in paper | |
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Contact Name
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Greg Guannel |
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Contact Address
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The Nature Conservancy, Coral Gables, FL. USA |
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Contact Email
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greg.guannel@gmail.com |
EM Description
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Summary Description
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AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "Natural habitats have the ability to protect coastal communities against the impacts of waves and storms, yet it is unclear how different habitats complement each other to reduce those impacts. Here, we investigate the individual and combined coastal protection services supplied by live corals on reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests during both non-storm and storm conditions, and under present and future sea-level conditions. Using idealized profiles of fringing and barrier reefs, we quantify the services supplied by these habitats using various metrics of inundation and erosion. We find that, together, live corals, seagrasses, and mangroves supply more protection services than any individual habitat or any combination of two habitats. Specifically, we find that, while mangroves are the most effective at protecting the coast under non-storm and storm conditions, live corals and seagrasses also moderate the impact of waves and storms, thereby further reducing the vulnerability of coastal regions. Also, in addition to structural differences, the amount of service supplied by habitats in our analysis is highly dependent on the geomorphic setting, habitat location and forcing conditions: live corals in the fringing reef profile supply more protection services than seagrasses; seagrasses in the barrier reef profile supply more protection services than live corals; and seagrasses, in our simulations, can even compensate for the long-term degradation of the barrier reef. Results of this study demonstrate the importance of taking integrated and place-based approaches when quantifying and managing for the coastal protection services supplied by ecosystems." |
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Specific Policy or Decision Context Cited
em.detail.policyDecisionContextHelp
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Future rock lobster fisheries management |
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Biophysical Context
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barrier reef and fringing reef in nearshore coastal marine system |
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EM Scenario Drivers
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Reef type, Sea level increase, storm conditions, seagrass conditions, coral conditions, vegetation types and conditions |
EM Relationship to Other EMs or Applications
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Method Only, Application of Method or Model Run
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Method + Application (multiple runs exist) View EM Runs |
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New or Pre-existing EM?
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New or revised model |
Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML
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Document ID for related EM
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None |
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EM ID for related EM
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None |
EM Modeling Approach
EM Relationship to Time
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EM Temporal Extent
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2005-2013 |
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EM Time Dependence
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time-dependent |
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EM Time Reference (Future/Past)
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Not applicable |
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EM Time Continuity
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discrete |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Value
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1 |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Unit
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Second |
EM Spatial Extent
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Bounding Type
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Geopolitical |
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Spatial Extent Name
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Coast of Belize |
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Spatial Extent Area (Magnitude)
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100-1000 km^2 |
Spatial Distribution of Computations
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EM Spatial Distribution
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spatially distributed (in at least some cases) |
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Spatial Grain Type
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length, for linear feature (e.g., stream mile) |
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Spatial Grain Size
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1 meter |
EM Structure and Computation Approach
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EM Computational Approach
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Analytic |
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EM Determinism
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deterministic |
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Statistical Estimation of EM
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Model Checking Procedures Used
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Model Calibration Reported?
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No |
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Model Goodness of Fit Reported?
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No |
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Goodness of Fit (metric| value | unit)
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None |
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Model Operational Validation Reported?
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No ?Comment:Used the SWAN model (see below for referenece) with Generation 1 or 2 wind-wave formulations to validate the wave development portion of the model. Booij N, Ris RC, Holthuijsen LH. A third-generation wave model for coastal regions 1. Model description and validation. J Geophys Res. American Geophysical Union; 1999;104: 7649?7666. |
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Model Uncertainty Analysis Reported?
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No |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Reported?
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No |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Include Interactions?
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Not applicable |
EM Locations, Environments, Ecology
Location of EM Application
Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])
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Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)
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Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)
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Centroid Latitude
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18.63 |
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Centroid Longitude
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-88.22 |
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Centroid Datum
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WGS84 |
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Centroid Coordinates Status
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Estimated |
Environments and Scales Modeled
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EM Environmental Sub-Class
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Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine |
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Specific Environment Type
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coral reefs |
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EM Ecological Scale
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Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class |
Scale and taxa of organisms modeled
Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled
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EM Organismal Scale
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Guild or Assemblage |
Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified
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| None Available |
EnviroAtlas URL
em.detail.enviroAtlasURLHelp
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| GAP Ecological Systems, National Hydrography Dataset Plus (NHD PlusV2), Average Annual Precipitation |
EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system
CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)
em.detail.cicesHelp
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(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)
fegs2Help
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EM Variable Names (and Units)
Predictor
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Intermediate
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Intermediate (Computed) Variables (and Units)
view details (4 variables)
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Response
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Observed Response Variables (and Units)
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None |
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Computed Response Variables (and Units)
view details (3 variables)
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