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EM: COBRA (CO–Benefits Risk Assessment) v 4.1 (EM-944)
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EM Identity and Description
EM Identification
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EM ID
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EM-944 |
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EM Short Name
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COBRA v 4.1 |
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EM Full Name
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COBRA (CO–Benefits Risk Assessment) v 4.1 |
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EM Source or Collection
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US EPA |
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EM Source Document ID
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437 ?Comment:User's manual is provided at the webpage. |
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Document Author
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US EPA |
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Document Year
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2021 |
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Document Title
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CO-Benefits Risk Assessment Health Impacts Screening and Mapping Tool (COBRA) |
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Document Status
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Peer reviewed and published |
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Comments on Status
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Webpage |
Software and Access
| https://www.epa.gov/cobra | |
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Contact Name
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Emma Zinsmeister |
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Contact Address
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EPA’s Office of Atmospheric Programs’ Climate Protection Partnerships Division |
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Contact Email
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zinsmeister.emma@epa.gov |
EM Description
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Summary Description
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Introduction: "COBRA is a screening tool that provides preliminary estimates of the impact of air pollution emission changes on ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution concentrations, translates this into health effect impacts, and then monetizes these impacts, as illustrated below. The model does not require expertise in air quality modeling, health effects assessment, or economic valuation. Built into COBRA are emissions inventories, a simplified air quality model, health impact equations, and economic valuations ready for use, based on assumptions that EPA currently uses as reasonable best estimates. COBRA also enables advanced users to import their own datasets of emissions inventories, population, incidence, health impact functions, and valuation functions. Analyses can be performed at the state or county level and across the 14 major emissions categories (these categories are called “tiers”) included in the National Emissions Inventory. COBRA presents results in tabular as well as geographic form, and enables policy analysts to obtain a first-order approximation of the benefits of different mitigation scenarios under consideration. However, COBRA is only a screening tool. More sophisticated, albeit time- and resource-intensive, modeling approaches are currently available to obtain a more refined picture of the health and economic impacts of changes in emissions. EPA initially developed COBRA as a desktop application. In 2021, EPA released a web-based version of the tool, known as the COBRA Web Edition. Although the desktop version and web versions of COBRA both use the same methodology to calculate outdoor air quality and health impacts from changes in air pollution emissions, the desktop version offers additional advanced features that are not included in the more streamlined Web Edition. In particular, the desktop version is preloaded with input data on emissions, population, and baseline health incidence for 2016, 2023, and 2028; the Web Edition includes data only for 2023. Similarly, the desktop version allows users to import custom input datasets, while the Web Edition does not. The Web Edition, however, does not require the user to download or install additional software, and it runs more quickly than the desktop version. Users might choose to use the desktop version if they would like to use advanced features, such as custom input data and/or use the preloaded data for 2016 or 2028. Otherwise, users may choose to use the Web Edition for data analysis relevant to 2023. The process for entering emissions input data into COBRA is very similar for the desktop and web versions of the tool. The remainder of this User’s Manual focuses on the steps required to run the desktop version of the tool. The same general process can be used with the Web Edition." |
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Specific Policy or Decision Context Cited
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None identified |
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Biophysical Context
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No additional description provided |
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EM Scenario Drivers
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No scenarios presented |
EM Relationship to Other EMs or Applications
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Method Only, Application of Method or Model Run
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Method Only |
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New or Pre-existing EM?
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New or revised model |
Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML
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Document ID for related EM
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None |
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EM ID for related EM
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None |
EM Modeling Approach
EM Relationship to Time
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EM Temporal Extent
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Not applicable |
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EM Time Dependence
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Not applicable |
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EM Time Reference (Future/Past)
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Not applicable |
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EM Time Continuity
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Not applicable |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Value
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Not applicable |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Unit
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Not applicable |
EM Spatial Extent
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Bounding Type
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Geopolitical |
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Spatial Extent Name
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Not applicable |
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Spatial Extent Area (Magnitude)
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Not applicable |
Spatial Distribution of Computations
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EM Spatial Distribution
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spatially distributed (in at least some cases) |
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Spatial Grain Type
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map scale, for cartographic feature |
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Spatial Grain Size
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user defined |
EM Structure and Computation Approach
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EM Computational Approach
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Analytic |
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EM Determinism
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stochastic |
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Statistical Estimation of EM
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Model Checking Procedures Used
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Model Calibration Reported?
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Not applicable |
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Model Goodness of Fit Reported?
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Not applicable |
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Goodness of Fit (metric| value | unit)
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None |
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Model Operational Validation Reported?
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Not applicable |
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Model Uncertainty Analysis Reported?
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Not applicable |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Reported?
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Not applicable |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Include Interactions?
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Not applicable |
EM Locations, Environments, Ecology
Location of EM Application
Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])
em.detail.relationToSpaceTerrestrialHelp
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| None |
Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)
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| None |
Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)
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Centroid Latitude
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Not applicable |
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Centroid Longitude
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Not applicable |
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Centroid Datum
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Not applicable |
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Centroid Coordinates Status
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Not applicable |
Environments and Scales Modeled
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EM Environmental Sub-Class
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Terrestrial Environment (sub-classes not fully specified) |
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Specific Environment Type
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Not applicable |
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EM Ecological Scale
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Ecological scale corresponds to the Environmental Sub-class |
Scale and taxa of organisms modeled
Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled
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EM Organismal Scale
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Not applicable |
Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified
taxonomyHelp
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| None Available |
EnviroAtlas URL
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| Total Annual Nitrogen Deposition |
EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system
CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)
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(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)
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| None |
EM Variable Names (and Units)
Predictor
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Driving Variables (and Units)
view details (2 variables)
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Constant or Factor Variables (and Units)
view details (5 variables)
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Intermediate
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Intermediate (Computed) Variables (and Units)
view details (2 variables)
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Response
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