EcoService Models Library (ESML)
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Which comparison is best for me?EM Variables by Variable Role
One quick way to compare ecological models (EMs) is by comparing their variables. Predictor variables show what kinds of influences a model is able to account for, and what kinds of data it requires. Response variables show what information a model is capable of estimating.
This first comparison shows the names (and units) of each EM’s variables, side-by-side, sorted by variable role. Variable roles in ESML are as follows:
- Predictor Variables
- Time- or Space-Varying Variables
- Constants and Parameters
- Intermediate (Computed) Variables
- Response Variables
- Computed Response Variables
- Measured Response Variables
EM Variables by Category
A second way to use variables to compare EMs is by focusing on the kind of information each variable represents. The top-level categories in the ESML Variable Classification Hierarchy are as follows:
- Policy Regarding Use or Management of Ecosystem Resources
- Land Surface (or Water Body Bed) Cover, Use or Substrate
- Human Demographic Data
- Human-Produced Stressor or Enhancer of Ecosystem Goods and Services Production
- Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services
- Non-monetary Indicators of Human Demand, Use or Benefit of Ecosystem Goods and Services
- Monetary Values
Besides understanding model similarities, sorting the variables for each EM by these 7 categories makes it easier to see if the compared models can be linked using similar variables. For example, if one model estimates an ecosystem attribute (in Category 5), such as water clarity, as a response variable, and a second model uses a similar attribute (also in Category 5) as a predictor of recreational use, the two models can potentially be used in tandem. This comparison makes it easier to spot potential model linkages.
All EM Descriptors
This selection allows a more detailed comparison of EMs by model characteristics other than their variables. The 50-or-so EM descriptors for each model are presented, side-by-side, in the following categories:
- EM Identity and Description
- EM Modeling Approach
- EM Locations, Environments, Ecology
- EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system
EM Descriptors by Modeling Concepts
This feature guides the user through the use of the following seven concepts for comparing and selecting EMs:
- Conceptual Model
- Modeling Objective
- Modeling Context
- Potential for Model Linkage
- Feasibility of Model Use
- Model Certainty
- Model Structural Information
Though presented separately, these concepts are interdependent, and information presented under one concept may have relevance to other concepts as well.
Compare Criteria:
Show Criteria
Hide CriteriaEM Identity and Description
EM Identification
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718 
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EM-875 |
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EM Short Name
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Area and hotspots of soil retention, South Africa | Reef dive site favorability, St. Croix, USVI | Chinook salmon value (household), Yaquina Bay, OR | WESP: Riparian & stream habitat, ID, USA | Valuing environmental ed., New York, New York |
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EM Full Name
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Area and hotspots of soil retention, South Africa | Dive site favorability (reef), St. Croix, USVI | Economic value of Chinook salmon per household method, Yaquina Bay, OR | WESP: Riparian and stream habitat focus projects, ID, USA | Valuing environmental education, Hudson River Park, New York, New York |
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EM Source or Collection
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None | US EPA | US EPA | None | None |
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EM Source Document ID
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271 | 335 | 324 |
393 ?Comment:Additional data came from electronic appendix provided by author Chris Murphy. |
416 |
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Document Author
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Egoh, B., Reyers, B., Rouget, M., Richardson, D.M., Le Maitre, D.C., and van Jaarsveld, A.S. | Yee, S. H., Dittmar, J. A., and L. M. Oliver | Stephen J. Jordan, Timothy O'Higgins and John A. Dittmar | Murphy, C. and T. Weekley | Hutcheson, W. Hoagland, P., and D. Jin |
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Document Year
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2008 | 2014 | 2012 | 2012 | 2018 |
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Document Title
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Mapping ecosystem services for planning and management | Comparison of methods for quantifying reef ecosystem services: A case study mapping services for St. Croix, USVI | Ecosystem Services of Coastal Habitats and Fisheries: Multiscale Ecological and Economic Models in Support of Ecosystem-Based Management | Measuring outcomes of wetland restoration, enhancement, and creation in Idaho-- Assessing potential functions, values, and condition in a watershed context. | Valuing environmental education as a cultural ecosystem service at Hudson River Park |
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Document Status
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Peer reviewed and published | Peer reviewed and published | Peer reviewed and published | Peer reviewed and published | Peer reviewed and published |
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Comments on Status
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Published journal manuscript | Published journal manuscript | Published journal manuscript | Published report | Published journal manuscript |
Software and Access
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
| Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
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Contact Name
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Benis Egoh | Susan H. Yee | Stephen Jordan | Chris Murphy | Walter Hutcheson |
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Contact Address
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Water Resources Unit, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Commission - Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy | US EPA, Office of Research and Development, NHEERL, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USA | U.S. EPA, Gulf Ecology Div., 1 Sabine Island Dr., Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USA | Idaho Dept. Fish and Game, Wildlife Bureau, Habitat Section, Boise, ID | New York University, United States |
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Contact Email
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Not reported | yee.susan@epa.gov | jordan.steve@epa.gov | chris.murphy@idfg.idaho.gov | wwh235@nyu.edu |
EM Description
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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Summary Description
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AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "We define the range of ecosystem services as areas of meaningful supply, similar to a species’ range or area of occupancy. The term ‘‘hotspots’’ was proposed by Norman Myers in the 1980s and refers to areas of high species richness, endemism and/or threat and has been widely used to prioritise areas for biodiversity conservation. Similarly, this study suggests that hotspots for ecosystem services are areas of critical management importance for the service. Here the term ecosystem service hotspot is used to refer to areas which provide large proportions of a particular service, and do not include measures of threat or endemism…Soil retention was modelled as a function of vegetation or litter cover and soil erosion potential. Schoeman et al. (2002) modelled soil erosion potential and derived eight erosion classes, ranging from low to severe erosion potential for South Africa. The vegetation cover was mapped by ranking vegetation types using expert knowledge of their ability to curb erosion. We used Schulze (2004) index of litter cover which estimates the soil surface covered by litter based on observations in a range of grasslands, woodlands and natural forests. According to Quinton et al. (1997) and Fowler and Rockstrom (2001) soil erosion is slightly reduced with about 30%, significantly reduced with about 70% vegetation cover. The range of soil retention was mapped by selecting all areas that had vegetation or litter cover of more than 30% for both the expert classified vegetation types and litter accumulation index within areas with moderate to severe erosion potential. The hotspot was mapped as areas with severe erosion potential and vegetation/litter cover of at least 70% where maintaining the cover is essential to prevent erosion. An assumption was made that the potential for this service is relatively low in areas with little natural vegetation or litter cover." | ABSTRACT: "...We investigated and compared a number of existing methods for quantifying ecological integrity, shoreline protection, recreational opportunities, fisheries production, and the potential for natural products discovery from reefs. Methods were applied to mapping potential ecosystem services production around St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Overall, we found that a number of different methods produced similar predictions." AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "A number of methods have been developed for linking biophysical attributes of reef condition, such as reef structural complexity, fish biomass, or species richness, to provisioning of ecosystem goods and services (Principe et al., 2012). We investigated the feasibility of using existing methods and data for mapping production of reef ecosystem goods and services. We applied these methods toward mapping potential ecosystem goods and services production in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI)...For each of the five categories of ecosystem services, we chose a suite of models and indices for estimating potential production based on relative ease of implementation, consisting of well-defined parameters, and likely availability of input data, to maximize potential for transferability to other locations. For each method, we assembled the necessary reef condition and environmental data as spatial data layers for St. Croix (Table1). The coastal zone surrounding St. Croix was divided into 10x10 m grid cells, and production functions were applied to quantify ecosystem services provisioning in each grid cell...A number of recreational activities are associated directly or indirectly with coral reefs including scuba diving, snorkeling, surfing, underwater photography, recreational fishing, wildlife viewing, beach sunbathing and swimming, and beachcombing (Principe et al., 2012)…In lieu of surveys of diver opinion, recreational opportunities can also be estimated by actual field data of coral condition at preferred dive sites. A few studies have directly examined links between coral condition and production of recreational opportunities through field monitoring in an attempt to validate perceptions of recreational quality (Pendleton, 1994; Williams and Polunin, 2002; Leeworthy et al., 2004; Leujakand Ormond, 2007; Uyarraetal., 2009). Uyarraetal. (2009) used surveys to determine reef attributes related to diver perceptions of most and least favorite dive sites. Field data was used to narrow down the suite of potential preferred attributes to those that reflected actual site condition. We combined these attributes to form an index of dive site favorability: Dive site favorability = ΣipiRi where pi is the proportion of respondents indicating each attribute i that affected dive enjoyment positively. Ri is the mean relative magnitude of measured variables used to quantify each descriptive attribute i, including ‘fish abundance’ (pi=0.803), quantified by number of fish schools and fish species richness, and | ABSTRACT:"Critical habitats for fish and wildlife are often small patches in landscapes, e.g., aquatic vegetation beds, reefs, isolated ponds and wetlands, remnant old-growth forests, etc., yet the same animal populations that depend on these patches for reproduction or survival can be extensive, ranging over large regions, even continents or major ocean basins. Whereas the ecological production functions that support these populations can be measured only at fine geographic scales and over brief periods of time, the ecosystem services (benefits that ecosystems convey to humans by supporting food production, water and air purification, recreational, esthetic, and cultural amenities, etc.) are delivered over extensive scales of space and time. These scale mismatches are particularly important for quantifying the economic values of ecosystem services. Examples can be seen in fish, shellfish, game, and bird populations. Moreover, there can be wide-scale mismatches in management regimes, e.g., coastal fisheries management versus habitat management in the coastal zone. We present concepts and case studies linking the production functions (contributions to recruitment) of critical habitats to commercial and recreational fishery values by combining site specific research data with spatial analysis and population models. We present examples illustrating various spatial scales of analysis, with indicators of economic value, for recreational Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon fisheries in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (Washington and Oregon) and commercial blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and penaeid shrimp fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. | A wetland restoration monitoring and assessment program framework was developed for Idaho. The project goal was to assess outcomes of substantial governmental and private investment in wetland restoration, enhancement and creation. The functions, values, condition, and vegetation at restored, enhanced, and created wetlands on private and state lands across Idaho were retrospectively evaluated. Assessment was conducted at multiple spatial scales and intensities. Potential functions and values (ecosystem services) were rapidly assessed using the Oregon Rapid Wetland Assessment Protocol. Vegetation samples were analyzed using Floristic Quality Assessment indices from Washington State. We compared vegetation of restored, enhanced, and created wetlands with reference wetlands that occurred in similar hydrogeomorphic environments determined at the HUC 12 level. | ABSTRACT: " The Hudson River and its estuary is once again an ecologically, economically, and culturally functional component of New York City’s natural environment. The estuary’s cultural significance may derive largely from environmental education, including marine science programs for the public. These programs are understood as ‘‘cultural” ecosystem services but are rarely evaluated in economic terms. We estimated the economic value of the Hudson River Park’s environmental education programs. We compiled data on visits by schools and summer camps from 32 New York City school districts to the Park during the years 2014 and 2015. A ‘‘travel cost” approach was adapted from the field of environmental economics to estimate the value of education in this context. A small—but conservative—estimate of the Park’s annual education program benefits ranged between $7500 and 25,500, implying an average capitalized value on the order of $0.6 million. Importantly, organizations in districts with high proportions of minority students or English language learners were found to be more likely to participate in the Park’s programs. The results provide an optimistic view of the benefits of environmental education focused on urban estuaries, through which a growing understanding of ecological systems could lead to future environmental improvements. " |
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Specific Policy or Decision Context Cited
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None identified | None identified | None identified | None identified | None identified |
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Biophysical Context
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Semi-arid environment. Rainfall varies geographically from less than 50 to about 3000 mm per year (annual mean 450 mm). Soils are mostly very shallow with limited irrigation potential. | No additional description provided | Yaquina Bay estuary | restored, enhanced and created wetlands | N/A |
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EM Scenario Drivers
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No scenarios presented | No scenarios presented | No scenarios presented | Sites, function or habitat focus | N?A |
EM Relationship to Other EMs or Applications
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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Method Only, Application of Method or Model Run
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Method + Application | Method + Application | Method + Application | Method + Application (multiple runs exist) View EM Runs | Method + Application |
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New or Pre-existing EM?
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New or revised model | Application of existing model | New or revised model | Application of existing model | New or revised model |
Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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Document ID for related EM
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Doc-271 ?Comment:Document 273 used for source information on soil erosion potential variable |
None | Doc-324 | Doc-390 | None |
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EM ID for related EM
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EM-85 | EM-87 | EM-88 | None | EM-603 | EM-397 | EM-706 | EM-729 | EM-730 | EM-734 | EM-743 | EM-749 | EM-750 | EM-756 | EM-757 | EM-758 | EM-759 | EM-760 | EM-761 | EM-763 | EM-764 | EM-766 | EM-767 | EM-732 | EM-737 | EM-738 | EM-739 | EM-741 | EM-742 | EM-751 | EM-768 | None |
EM Modeling Approach
EM Relationship to Time
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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EM Temporal Extent
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Not reported | 2006-2007, 2010 | 2003-2008 | 2010-2011 | 2015 |
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EM Time Dependence
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time-stationary | time-stationary | time-stationary | time-dependent | time-stationary |
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EM Time Reference (Future/Past)
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | past time | Not applicable |
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EM Time Continuity
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Value
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Unit
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
EM Spatial Extent
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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Bounding Type
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Geopolitical | Physiographic or ecological | Geopolitical | Multiple unrelated locations (e.g., meta-analysis) | Geopolitical |
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Spatial Extent Name
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South Africa | Coastal zone surrounding St. Croix | Pacific Northwest | Wetlands in idaho | Hudson River Park |
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Spatial Extent Area (Magnitude)
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>1,000,000 km^2 | 100-1000 km^2 | >1,000,000 km^2 | 100,000-1,000,000 km^2 | 10-100 ha |
Spatial Distribution of Computations
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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EM Spatial Distribution
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spatially distributed (in at least some cases) | spatially distributed (in at least some cases) | spatially lumped (in all cases) | spatially lumped (in all cases) | spatially lumped (in all cases) |
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Spatial Grain Type
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other (specify), for irregular (e.g., stream reach, lake basin) | area, for pixel or radial feature | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
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Spatial Grain Size
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Distributed across catchments with average size of 65,000 ha | 10 m x 10 m | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
EM Structure and Computation Approach
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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EM Computational Approach
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Analytic | Analytic | Analytic | Numeric | Numeric |
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EM Determinism
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deterministic | deterministic | deterministic | deterministic | deterministic |
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Statistical Estimation of EM
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Model Checking Procedures Used
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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Model Calibration Reported?
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No | Yes | No | No | No |
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Model Goodness of Fit Reported?
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No | No | No | No | No |
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Goodness of Fit (metric| value | unit)
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None | None | None | None | None |
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Model Operational Validation Reported?
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No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
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Model Uncertainty Analysis Reported?
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No | No | No | No | No |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Reported?
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No | No | No | No | No |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Include Interactions?
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Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
EM Locations, Environments, Ecology
Location of EM Application
Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])
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| EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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None |
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Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)
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| EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
| None |
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None | None |
Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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Centroid Latitude
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-30 | 17.73 | 44.62 | 44.06 | 40.73 |
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Centroid Longitude
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25 | -64.77 | -124.02 | -114.69 | -74.01 |
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Centroid Datum
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WGS84 | WGS84 | WGS84 | WGS84 | WGS84 |
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Centroid Coordinates Status
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Estimated | Estimated | Estimated | Estimated | Estimated |
Environments and Scales Modeled
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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EM Environmental Sub-Class
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Terrestrial Environment (sub-classes not fully specified) | Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine | Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine | Terrestrial Environment (sub-classes not fully specified) | Inland Wetlands | Created Greenspace |
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Specific Environment Type
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Not reported | Coral reefs | Yaquina Bay estuary and ocean | created, restored and enhanced wetlands | Park |
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EM Ecological Scale
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Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class | Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class | Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class | Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class | Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class |
Scale and taxa of organisms modeled
Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled
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EM ID
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EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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EM Organismal Scale
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Not applicable | Guild or Assemblage | Other (multiple scales) | Not applicable | Not applicable |
Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified
taxonomyHelp
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| EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
| None Available | None Available |
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None Available | None Available |
EnviroAtlas URL
| EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
| None Available | None Available | Dasymetric Allocation of Population | Total Annual Reduced Nitrogen Deposition, Carbon Storage by Tree Biomass | Enabling Conditions |
EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system
CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)
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| EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
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<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/national-ecosystem-services-classification-system-nescs-plus">National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS) Plus</a>
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(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)
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| EM-86 | EM-456 | EM-604 |
EM-718
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EM-875 |
| None |
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None |
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