EcoService Models Library (ESML)

Compare EMs

EM Variables by Variable Role

One quick way to compare ecological models (EMs) is by comparing their variables. Predictor variables show what kinds of influences a model is able to account for, and what kinds of data it requires. Response variables show what information a model is capable of estimating.

This first comparison shows the names (and units) of each EM’s variables, side-by-side, sorted by variable role. Variable roles in ESML are as follows:

Predictor Variables
- Time- or Space-Varying Variables
- Constants and Parameters
Intermediate (Computed) Variables
Response Variables
- Computed Response Variables
- Measured Response Variables

EM Variables by Category

A second way to use variables to compare EMs is by focusing on the kind of information each variable represents. The top-level categories in the ESML Variable Classification Hierarchy are as follows:

Policy Regarding Use or Management of Ecosystem Resources
Land Surface (or Water Body Bed) Cover, Use or Substrate
Human Demographic Data
Human-Produced Stressor or Enhancer of Ecosystem Goods and Services Production
Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services
Non-monetary Indicators of Human Demand, Use or Benefit of Ecosystem Goods and Services
Monetary Values

Besides understanding model similarities, sorting the variables for each EM by these 7 categories makes it easier to see if the compared models can be linked using similar variables. For example, if one model estimates an ecosystem attribute (in Category 5), such as water clarity, as a response variable, and a second model uses a similar attribute (also in Category 5) as a predictor of recreational use, the two models can potentially be used in tandem. This comparison makes it easier to spot potential model linkages.

All EM Descriptors

This selection allows a more detailed comparison of EMs by model characteristics other than their variables. The 50-or-so EM descriptors for each model are presented, side-by-side, in the following categories:

EM Identity and Description
EM Modeling Approach
EM Locations, Environments, Ecology
EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system

EM Descriptors by Modeling Concepts

This feature guides the user through the use of the following seven concepts for comparing and selecting EMs:

Conceptual Model
Modeling Objective
Modeling Context
Potential for Model Linkage
Feasibility of Model Use
Model Certainty
Model Structural Information

Though presented separately, these concepts are interdependent, and information presented under one concept may have relevance to other concepts as well.

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Comparing:

EM-193
EM-260
EM-333
EM-604
EM-982

Add EM to Compare:

EM Identity and Description

EM Identification

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
EM Short Name em.detail.shortNameHelp ?	Cultural ecosystem services, Bilbao, Spain	Coral taxa and land development, St.Croix, VI, USA	Evoland v3.5 (unbounded growth), Eugene, OR, USA	Chinook salmon value (household), Yaquina Bay, OR	Specific conductivity, USA
EM Full Name em.detail.fullNameHelp ?	Cultural ecosystem services, Bilbao, Spain	Coral taxa richness and land development, St.Croix, Virgin Islands, USA	Evoland v3.5 (without urban growth boundaries), Eugene, OR, USA	Economic value of Chinook salmon per household method, Yaquina Bay, OR	Specific Conductivity, USA
EM Source or Collection em.detail.emSourceOrCollectionHelp ?	None ? Comment: EU Mapping Studies	US EPA	Envision	US EPA	US EPA
EM Source Document ID	191	96	47 ? Comment: Doc 183 is a secondary source for the Evoland model.	324	460
Document Author em.detail.documentAuthorHelp ?	Casado-Arzuaga, I., Onaindia, M., Madariaga, I. and Verburg P. H.	Oliver, L. M., Lehrter, J. C. and Fisher, W. S.	Guzy, M. R., Smith, C. L. , Bolte, J. P., Hulse, D. W. and Gregory, S. V.	Stephen J. Jordan, Timothy O'Higgins and John A. Dittmar	Olson, J.R., and S.M. Cormier
Document Year em.detail.documentYearHelp ?	2013	2011	2008	2012	2019
Document Title em.detail.sourceIdHelp ?	Mapping recreation and aesthetic value of ecosystems in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt (northern Spain) to support landscape planning	Relating landscape development intensity to coral reef condition in the watersheds of St. Croix, US Virgin Islands	Policy research using agent-based modeling to assess future impacts of urban expansion into farmlands and forests	Ecosystem Services of Coastal Habitats and Fisheries: Multiscale Ecological and Economic Models in Support of Ecosystem-Based Management	Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variation in Natural Background Specific Conductivity
Document Status em.detail.statusCategoryHelp ?	Peer reviewed and published	Peer reviewed and published	Peer reviewed and published	Peer reviewed and published	Peer reviewed and published
Comments on Status em.detail.commentsOnStatusHelp ?	Published journal manuscript	Published journal manuscript	Published journal manuscript	Published journal manuscript	Published journal manuscript

Software and Access

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
EM Software Access info Exit em.detail.modelAccessInformationHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	http://evoland.bioe.orst.edu/	Not applicable	(https://edg.epa.gov/ metadata/catalog/main/home.page)
Contact Name em.detail.contactNameHelp ?	Izaskun Casado-Arzuaga	Leah Oliver	Michael R. Guzy	Stephen Jordan	John Olson
Contact Address	Plant Biology and Ecology Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Campus de Leioa, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain	National Health and Environmental Research Effects Laboratory	Oregon State University, Dept. of Biological and Ecological Engineering	U.S. EPA, Gulf Ecology Div., 1 Sabine Island Dr., Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USA	California State Univ. Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside CA 93955
Contact Email	izaskun.casado@ehu.es	leah.oliver@epa.gov	Not reported	jordan.steve@epa.gov	joolson@csumb.edu

EM Description

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
Summary Description em.detail.summaryDescriptionHelp ?	ABSTRACT "This paper presents a method to quantify cultural ecosystem services (ES) and their spatial distribution in the landscape based on ecological structure and social evaluation approaches. The method aims to provide quantified assessments of ES to support land use planning decisions. A GIS-based approach was used to estimate and map the provision of recreation and aesthetic services supplied by ecosystems in a peri-urban area located in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Data of two different public participation processes (frequency of visits to 25 different sites within the study area and aesthetic value of different landscape units) were used to validate the maps. Three maps were obtained as results: a map showing the provision of recreation services, an aesthetic value map and a map of the correspondences and differences between both services. The data obtained in the participation processes were found useful for the validation of the maps. A weak spatial correlation was found between aesthetic quality and recreation provision services, with an overlap of the highest values for both services only in 7.2 % of the area. A consultation with decision-makers indicated that the results were considered useful to identify areas that can be targeted for improvement of landscape and recreation management."	AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "In this exploratory comparison, stony coral condition was related to watershed LULC and LDI values. We also compared the capacity of other potential human activity indicators to predict coral reef condition using multivariate analysis." (294)	Note: A more recent version of this model exists. See Related EMs below for links to related models/applications. ABSTRACT: "Spatially explicit agent-based models can represent the changes in resilience and ecological services that result from different land-use policies…This type of analysis generates ensembles of alternate plausible representations of future system conditions. User expertise steers interactive, stepwise system exploration toward inductive reasoning about potential changes to the system. In this study, we develop understanding of the potential alternative futures for a social-ecological system by way of successive simulations that test variations in the types and numbers of policies. The model addresses the agricultural-urban interface and the preservation of ecosystem services. The landscape analyzed is at the junction of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers adjacent to the cities of Eugene and Springfield in Lane County, Oregon." AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "Two general scenarios for urban expansion were created to set the bounds on what might be possible for the McKenzie-Willamette study area. One scenario, fish conservation, tried to accommodate urban expansion, but gave the most weight to policies that would produce resilience and ecosystem services to restore threatened fish populations. The other scenario, unconstrained development, reversed the weighting. The 35 policies in the fish conservation scenario are designed to maintain urban growth boundaries (UGB), accommodate human population growth through increased urban densities, promote land conservation through best-conservation practices on agricultural and forest lands, and make rural land-use conversions that benefit fish. In the unconstrained development scenario, 13 policies are mainly concerned with allowing urban expansion in locations desired by landowners. Urban expansion in this scenario was not constrained by the extent of the UGB, and the policies are not intended to create conservation land uses."	ABSTRACT:"Critical habitats for fish and wildlife are often small patches in landscapes, e.g., aquatic vegetation beds, reefs, isolated ponds and wetlands, remnant old-growth forests, etc., yet the same animal populations that depend on these patches for reproduction or survival can be extensive, ranging over large regions, even continents or major ocean basins. Whereas the ecological production functions that support these populations can be measured only at fine geographic scales and over brief periods of time, the ecosystem services (benefits that ecosystems convey to humans by supporting food production, water and air purification, recreational, esthetic, and cultural amenities, etc.) are delivered over extensive scales of space and time. These scale mismatches are particularly important for quantifying the economic values of ecosystem services. Examples can be seen in fish, shellfish, game, and bird populations. Moreover, there can be wide-scale mismatches in management regimes, e.g., coastal fisheries management versus habitat management in the coastal zone. We present concepts and case studies linking the production functions (contributions to recruitment) of critical habitats to commercial and recreational fishery values by combining site specific research data with spatial analysis and population models. We present examples illustrating various spatial scales of analysis, with indicators of economic value, for recreational Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon fisheries in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (Washington and Oregon) and commercial blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and penaeid shrimp fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico.	We developed a random forest model that predicts natural background specific conductivity (SC), a measure of total dissolved ions, for all stream segments in the contiguous United States at monthly time steps between the years 2001 to 2015. Models were trained using 11 796 observations made at 1785 minimally impaired stream segments and validated with observations from an additional 92 segments. Static predictors of SC included geology, soils, and vegetation parameters. Temporal predictors were related to climate and enabled the model to make predictions for different dates. The model explained 95% of the variation in SC among validation observations (mean absolute error = 29 μS/cm, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.85). The model performed well across the period of interest but exhibited bias in Coastal Plain and Xeric regions (26 and 30%, respectively). National model predictions showed large spatial variation with the greatest SC predicted to occur in the desert southwest and plains. Model predictions also reflected changes at individual streams during drought.
Specific Policy or Decision Context Cited em.detail.policyDecisionContextHelp ?	Land management, ecosystem management, response to EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy	Not applicable	Authors Description: " By policy, we mean land management options that span the domains of zoning, agricultural and forest production, environmental protection, and urban development, including the associated regulations, laws, and practices. The policies we used in our SES simulations include urban containment policies…We also used policies modeled on agricultural practices that affect ecoystem services and capital…"	None identified	N/A
Biophysical Context	Northern Spain; Bizkaia region	nearshore; <1.5 km offshore; <12 m depth	No additional description provided	Yaquina Bay estuary	Stream segment taken from StreamCat database
EM Scenario Drivers em.detail.scenarioDriverHelp ?	No scenarios presented	Not applicable	Three scenarios without urban growth boundaries, and with various combinations of unconstrainted development, fish conservation, and agriculture and forest reserves.	No scenarios presented	N/A

EM Relationship to Other EMs or Applications

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
Method Only, Application of Method or Model Run em.detail.methodOrAppHelp ?	Method + Application	Method + Application	Method + Application (multiple runs exist) View EM Runs	Method + Application	Method + Application
New or Pre-existing EM? em.detail.newOrExistHelp ?	New or revised model	New or revised model	New or revised model	New or revised model	New or revised model

Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
Document ID for related EM em.detail.relatedEmDocumentIdHelp ?	None	None	Doc-183 \| Doc-47 \| Doc-313 \| Doc-314 ? Comment: Doc 183 is a secondary source for the Evoland model.	Doc-324	None
EM ID for related EM em.detail.relatedEmEmIdHelp ?	None	None	EM-12 \| EM-369	EM-603 \| EM-397	None

EM Modeling Approach

EM Relationship to Time

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
EM Temporal Extent em.detail.tempExtentHelp ?	2000 - 2007	2006-2007	1990-2050	2003-2008	2001-2015
EM Time Dependence em.detail.timeDependencyHelp ?	time-stationary	time-stationary	time-dependent	time-stationary	time-dependent
EM Time Reference (Future/Past) em.detail.futurePastHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	future time	Not applicable	past time
EM Time Continuity em.detail.continueDiscreteHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	discrete	Not applicable	discrete
EM Temporal Grain Size Value em.detail.tempGrainSizeHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	2	Not applicable	3
EM Temporal Grain Size Unit em.detail.tempGrainSizeUnitHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	Year	Not applicable	Month

EM Spatial Extent

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
Bounding Type em.detail.boundingTypeHelp ?	Geopolitical	Physiographic or Ecological	Geopolitical	Geopolitical	Geopolitical
Spatial Extent Name em.detail.extentNameHelp ?	Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt	St.Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands	Junction of McKenzie and Willamette Rivers, adjacent to the cities of Eugene and Springfield, Lane Co., Oregon, USA	Pacific Northwest	Contiguous United States
Spatial Extent Area (Magnitude) em.detail.extentAreaHelp ?	100-1000 km^2	10-100 km^2	10-100 km^2	>1,000,000 km^2	>1,000,000 km^2

Spatial Distribution of Computations

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
EM Spatial Distribution em.detail.distributeLumpHelp ?	spatially distributed (in at least some cases)	spatially lumped (in all cases)	spatially distributed (in at least some cases)	spatially lumped (in all cases)	spatially distributed (in at least some cases)
Spatial Grain Type em.detail.spGrainTypeHelp ?	area, for pixel or radial feature	Not applicable	area, for pixel or radial feature	Not applicable	area, for pixel or radial feature
Spatial Grain Size em.detail.spGrainSizeHelp ?	2 m x 2 m	Not applicable	varies	Not applicable	3.1 km2

EM Structure and Computation Approach

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
EM Computational Approach em.detail.emComputationalApproachHelp ?	Analytic	Analytic	Numeric	Analytic	Analytic
EM Determinism em.detail.deterStochHelp ?	deterministic	deterministic	stochastic	deterministic	deterministic
Statistical Estimation of EM em.detail.statisticalEstimationHelp ?	None	Conventional (frequentist) statistics	Other or unclear (comment)	Conventional (frequentist) statistics	Conventional (frequentist) statistics

Model Checking Procedures Used

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
Model Calibration Reported? em.detail.calibrationHelp ?	No	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes
Model Goodness of Fit Reported? em.detail.goodnessFitHelp ?	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
Goodness of Fit (metric\| value \| unit) em.detail.goodnessFitValuesHelp ?	None	R squared (taxa richness) \| 0.74 \| Not applicable p-value \| 0.0020 \| unitless	None	None	R2 \| 0.92 \| unitless MAE \| 22 \| uS/cm NSE \| 0.92 \| unitless
Model Operational Validation Reported? em.detail.validationHelp ?	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Model Uncertainty Analysis Reported? em.detail.uncertaintyAnalysisHelp ?	No	Yes	No	No	No
Model Sensitivity Analysis Reported? em.detail.sensAnalysisHelp ?	No	No	No	No	Yes
Model Sensitivity Analysis Include Interactions? em.detail.interactionConsiderHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Yes

EM Locations, Environments, Ecology

Location of EM Application

Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])

EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
Europe Spain	None	North America United States Oregon	North America United States Oregon Washington	North America United States

Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)

EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
None	Tropical Atlantic West Tropical Atlantic Tropical Southwestern Atlantic	None	Temperate North Pacific Northeast Pacific Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Coast and Shelf	None

Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
Centroid Latitude em.detail.ddLatHelp ?	43.25	17.75	44.11	44.62	39.83
Centroid Longitude em.detail.ddLongHelp ?	-2.92	-64.75	-123.09	-124.02	98.58
Centroid Datum em.detail.datumHelp ?	WGS84	NAD83	WGS84	WGS84	WGS84
Centroid Coordinates Status em.detail.coordinateStatusHelp ?	Provided	Estimated	Estimated	Estimated	Estimated

Environments and Scales Modeled

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
EM Environmental Sub-Class em.detail.emEnvironmentalSubclassHelp ?	Aquatic Environment (sub-classes not fully specified) \| Rivers and Streams \| Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine \| Terrestrial Environment (sub-classes not fully specified) \| Forests \| Agroecosystems \| Created Greenspace \| Grasslands \| Scrubland/Shrubland	Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine	Rivers and Streams \| Forests \| Agroecosystems \| Created Greenspace	Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine \| Terrestrial Environment (sub-classes not fully specified)	Rivers and Streams
Specific Environment Type em.detail.specificEnvTypeHelp ?	none	stony coral reef	Agricultural-urban interface at river junction	Yaquina Bay estuary and ocean	Stream segment
EM Ecological Scale em.detail.ecoScaleHelp ?	Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class	Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class	Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class	Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class	Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class

Scale and taxa of organisms modeled

Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
EM Organismal Scale em.detail.orgScaleHelp ?	Not applicable	Guild or Assemblage	Not applicable	Other (multiple scales)	Not applicable

Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified

EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
None Available	Genus Acropora Porites spp. Diploria spp. Species Mycetophylia lamarckiana Mycetophylia ferox Montastrea cavernosa Dichocoenia stokesii Meandrina meandrites Agaricia tenuifolia Agaricia fragilis Montastrea annularis Agaricia agaricites Dendrogyra cylindricus Millepora complanata Montastrea faveolata Porites astreoides Montastrea franksii	other Fish Species Red-Legged Frog Osprey Western Terrestrial Garter Snake Little Brown Myotis Belted Kingfisher Wood Duck Northern River Otter Great Blue Heron Roughskin Newt Pacific Water Shrew American Beaver Mink Western Pond Turtle Killdeer Northwestern Salamander	Species Chinook salmon (Onchorhyncus tshawytscha)	None Available

EnviroAtlas URL

EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
Percent IUCN Status II, Percent GAP Status 1 & 2	None Available	Dasymetric Allocation of Population, GAP Ecological Systems, The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD), Percent Natural Land Cover in Stream Buffer , Hectares of Vegetable Crops, Employment Rate	Dasymetric Allocation of Population	GAP Ecological Systems, Average Annual Precipitation, Average Annual Daily Potential Wind Energy

EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system

CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)

EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
[Ecosystem] Cultural Physical and intellectual interactions with biota, ecosystems, and land-/seascapes [environmental settings] Physical and experiential interactions Physical use of land-/seascapes in different environmental settings Experiential use of plants, animals and land-/seascapes in different environmental settings Intellectual and representative interactions Aesthetic	[Non-ecosystem] Regulation & Maintenance by natural physical structures and processes Maintenance of physical, chemical, abiotic conditions By natural chemical and physical processes Not applicable	[Ecosystem] Regulation & Maintenance Maintenance of physical, chemical, biological conditions Lifecycle maintenance, habitat and gene pool protection Maintaining nursery populations and habitats	[Ecosystem] Cultural Physical and intellectual interactions with biota, ecosystems, and land-/seascapes [environmental settings] Physical and experiential interactions Physical use of land-/seascapes in different environmental settings	[Ecosystem] Regulation & Maintenance Maintenance of physical, chemical, biological conditions Water conditions Chemical condition of freshwaters

<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/national-ecosystem-services-classification-system-nescs-plus">National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS) Plus</a>

(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)

EM-193	EM-260	EM-333	EM-604	EM-982
Near Coastal Marine/Estuarine (113) Composite (8) Presence of environmental class/subclass Site Characteristic Indicator Scapes: views, sounds and scents of land, sea, sky or a combination Site Characteristic Indicator Forests (21) Composite (8) Presence of environmental class/subclass Site Characteristic Indicator Scapes: views, sounds and scents of land, sea, sky or a combination Site Characteristic Indicator Grasslands (23) Composite (8) Presence of environmental class/subclass Site Characteristic Indicator Scapes: views, sounds and scents of land, sea, sky or a combination Site Characteristic Indicator Scrubland/Shrubland (24) Composite (8) Presence of environmental class/subclass Site Characteristic Indicator Scapes: views, sounds and scents of land, sea, sky or a combination Site Characteristic Indicator	Near Coastal Marine/Estuarine (113) Fauna (4) Invertebrates Quality Indicator	Forests (21) Composite (8) Presence of environmental class/subclass Site Characteristic Indicator Agroecosystems (22) Composite (8) Presence of environmental class/subclass Site Characteristic Indicator	Near Coastal Marine/Estuarine (113) Fauna (4) Fish Site Indicator	Rivers and Streams (111) Water (3) Liquid water Quality Indicator

EcoService Models Library (ESML)

Compare EMs

EM Variables by Variable Role

EM Variables by Category

All EM Descriptors

EM Descriptors by Modeling Concepts

Comparing:

EM Identity and Description

Comment:

Comment:

Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML

Comment:

EM Modeling Approach

EM Locations, Environments, Ecology

Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])

Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)

Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)

Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled

Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified

EnviroAtlas URL

EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system

CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)

<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/national-ecosystem-services-classification-system-nescs-plus">National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS) Plus</a>

(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)