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EM: Beach visitation, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (EM-684)
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EM Identity and Description
EM Identification
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EM ID
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EM-684 |
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EM Short Name
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Beach visitation, Barnstable, MA, USA |
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EM Full Name
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Beach visitation, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA |
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EM Source or Collection
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US EPA |
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EM Source Document ID
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386 |
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Document Author
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Lyon, Sarina F., Nathaniel H. Merrill, Kate K. Mulvaney, and Marisa J. Mazzotta |
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Document Year
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2018 |
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Document Title
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Valuing coastal beaches and closures using benefit transfer: An application to Barnstable, Massachusetts |
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Document Status
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Peer reviewed and published |
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Comments on Status
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Published journal manuscript |
Software and Access
| Not applicable | |
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Contact Name
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Kate K, Mulvaney |
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Contact Address
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Not reported |
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Contact Email
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Mulvaney.Kate@EPA.gov |
EM Description
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Summary Description
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ABSTRACT: "Each year, millions of Americans visit beaches for recreation, resulting in significant social welfare benefits and economic activity. Considering the high use of coastal beaches for recreation, closures due to bacterial contamination have the potential to greatly impact coastal visitors and communities. We used readily-available information to develop two transferable models that, together, provide estimates for the value of a beach day as well as the lost value due to a beach closure. We modeled visitation for beaches in Barnstable, Massachusetts on Cape Cod through panel regressions to predict visitation by type of day, for the season, and for lost visits when a closure was posted. We used a meta-analysis of existing studies conducted throughout the United States to estimate a consumer surplus value of a beach visit of around $22 for our study area, accounting for water quality at beaches by using past closure history. We applied this value through a benefit transfer to estimate the value of a beach day, and combined it with lost town revenue from parking to estimate losses in the event of a closure. The results indicate a high value for beaches as a public resource and show significant losses to the town when beaches are closed due to an exceedance in bacterial concentrations." AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "...We needed beach visitation estimates to assess the number of people who would be impacted by beach closures. We modeled visits by combining daily parking counts with other factors that help explain variations in attendance, including weather, day of the week or point within a season, and physical differences in sites (Kreitler et al. 2013). We designed the resulting model to estimate visitation for uncounted days as well as for beaches without counts on a given day. When combined with estimates of value per day, the visitation model can be used to value a lost beach day while accounting for beach size, time of season, and other factors...Since our count data of visitation for all four beaches are relatively large numbers (mean = 490, SD = 440), we used a log-linear regression model as opposed to a count data model. We selected a random effects model to account for time invariant variables such as parking spaces, modeling differences across beaches based on this variable…" Equation 2, page 15, provides the econometric regression. |
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Specific Policy or Decision Context Cited
em.detail.policyDecisionContextHelp
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To assess the number of people who would be impacted by beach closures. |
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Biophysical Context
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Four separate beaches within the community of Barnstable |
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EM Scenario Drivers
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No scenarios presented |
EM Relationship to Other EMs or Applications
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Method Only, Application of Method or Model Run
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Method + Application |
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New or Pre-existing EM?
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New or revised model |
Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML
em.detail.relatedEmHelp
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Document ID for related EM
em.detail.relatedEmDocumentIdHelp
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Doc-386 | Doc-387 |
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EM ID for related EM
em.detail.relatedEmEmIdHelp
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EM-682 | EM-685 | EM-683 | EM-686 |
EM Modeling Approach
EM Relationship to Time
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EM Temporal Extent
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2011 - 2016 |
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EM Time Dependence
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time-dependent |
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EM Time Reference (Future/Past)
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past time |
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EM Time Continuity
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discrete |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Value
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1 |
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EM Temporal Grain Size Unit
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Day |
EM Spatial Extent
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Bounding Type
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Physiographic or ecological |
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Spatial Extent Name
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Barnstable beaches (Craigville Beach, Kalmus Beach, Keyes Memorial Beach, and Veteran’s Park Beach) |
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Spatial Extent Area (Magnitude)
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10-100 ha |
Spatial Distribution of Computations
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EM Spatial Distribution
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spatially distributed (in at least some cases) |
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Spatial Grain Type
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length, for linear feature (e.g., stream mile) |
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Spatial Grain Size
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by beach site |
EM Structure and Computation Approach
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EM Computational Approach
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Analytic |
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EM Determinism
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deterministic |
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Statistical Estimation of EM
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Model Checking Procedures Used
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Model Calibration Reported?
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Yes |
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Model Goodness of Fit Reported?
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No |
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Goodness of Fit (metric| value | unit)
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None |
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Model Operational Validation Reported?
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No |
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Model Uncertainty Analysis Reported?
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No |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Reported?
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Yes |
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Model Sensitivity Analysis Include Interactions?
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Not applicable |
EM Locations, Environments, Ecology
Location of EM Application
Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])
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Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)
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Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)
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Centroid Latitude
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41.64 |
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Centroid Longitude
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-70.29 |
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Centroid Datum
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WGS84 |
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Centroid Coordinates Status
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Estimated |
Environments and Scales Modeled
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EM Environmental Sub-Class
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Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine |
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Specific Environment Type
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Saltwater beach |
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EM Ecological Scale
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Ecological scale corresponds to the Environmental Sub-class |
Scale and taxa of organisms modeled
Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled
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EM Organismal Scale
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Not applicable |
Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified
taxonomyHelp
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| None Available |
EnviroAtlas URL
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| Average Annual Precipitation |
EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system
CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)
em.detail.cicesHelp
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(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)
fegs2Help
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EM Variable Names (and Units)
Predictor
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Intermediate
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Intermediate (Computed) Variables (and Units)
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None |
Response
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Observed Response Variables (and Units)
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None |
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Computed Response Variables (and Units)
view details (3 variables)
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