EcoService Models Library (ESML)

Compare EMs

EM Variables by Variable Role

One quick way to compare ecological models (EMs) is by comparing their variables. Predictor variables show what kinds of influences a model is able to account for, and what kinds of data it requires. Response variables show what information a model is capable of estimating.

This first comparison shows the names (and units) of each EM’s variables, side-by-side, sorted by variable role. Variable roles in ESML are as follows:

Predictor Variables
- Time- or Space-Varying Variables
- Constants and Parameters
Intermediate (Computed) Variables
Response Variables
- Computed Response Variables
- Measured Response Variables

EM Variables by Category

A second way to use variables to compare EMs is by focusing on the kind of information each variable represents. The top-level categories in the ESML Variable Classification Hierarchy are as follows:

Policy Regarding Use or Management of Ecosystem Resources
Land Surface (or Water Body Bed) Cover, Use or Substrate
Human Demographic Data
Human-Produced Stressor or Enhancer of Ecosystem Goods and Services Production
Ecosystem Attributes and Potential Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services
Non-monetary Indicators of Human Demand, Use or Benefit of Ecosystem Goods and Services
Monetary Values

Besides understanding model similarities, sorting the variables for each EM by these 7 categories makes it easier to see if the compared models can be linked using similar variables. For example, if one model estimates an ecosystem attribute (in Category 5), such as water clarity, as a response variable, and a second model uses a similar attribute (also in Category 5) as a predictor of recreational use, the two models can potentially be used in tandem. This comparison makes it easier to spot potential model linkages.

All EM Descriptors

This selection allows a more detailed comparison of EMs by model characteristics other than their variables. The 50-or-so EM descriptors for each model are presented, side-by-side, in the following categories:

EM Identity and Description
EM Modeling Approach
EM Locations, Environments, Ecology
EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system

EM Descriptors by Modeling Concepts

This feature guides the user through the use of the following seven concepts for comparing and selecting EMs:

Conceptual Model
Modeling Objective
Modeling Context
Potential for Model Linkage
Feasibility of Model Use
Model Certainty
Model Structural Information

Though presented separately, these concepts are interdependent, and information presented under one concept may have relevance to other concepts as well.

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Comparing:

EM-449
EM-493
EM-541
EM-686
EM-702

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EM Identity and Description

EM Identification

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
EM Short Name em.detail.shortNameHelp ?	Decrease in erosion (shoreline), St. Croix, USVI	EnviroAtlas-Carbon sequestered by trees	InVEST fisheries, lobster, South Africa	Estuary recreational use, Cape Cod, MA	Northern Shoveler recruits, CREP wetlands, IA, USA
EM Full Name em.detail.fullNameHelp ?	Decrease in erosion (shoreline) by reef, St. Croix, USVI	US EPA EnviroAtlas - Total carbon sequestered by tree cover; Example is shown for Durham NC and vicinity, USA	Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs Fisheries, rock lobster, South Africa	Estuary recreational use, Cape Cod, MA	Northern Shoveler duck recruits, CREP (Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program) wetlands, Iowa, USA
EM Source or Collection em.detail.emSourceOrCollectionHelp ?	US EPA	US EPA \| EnviroAtlas \| i-Tree	InVEST	US EPA	None
EM Source Document ID	335	223 ? Comment: Additional source: I-tree Eco (doc# 345).	349 ? Comment: Supplemented with the InVEST Users Guide fisheries.	387	372 ? Comment: Document 373 is a secondary source for this EM.
Document Author em.detail.documentAuthorHelp ?	Yee, S. H., Dittmar, J. A., and L. M. Oliver	US EPA Office of Research and Development - National Exposure Research Laboratory	Ward, Michelle, Hugh Possingham, Johathan R. Rhodes, Peter Mumby	Mulvaney, K K., Atkinson, S.F., Merrill, N.H., Twichell, J.H., and M.J. Mazzotta	Otis, D. L., W. G. Crumpton, D. Green, A. K. Loan-Wilsey, R. L. McNeely, K. L. Kane, R. Johnson, T. Cooper, and M. Vandever
Document Year em.detail.documentYearHelp ?	2014	2013	2018	2019	2010
Document Title em.detail.sourceIdHelp ?	Comparison of methods for quantifying reef ecosystem services: A case study mapping services for St. Croix, USVI	EnviroAtlas - Featured Community	Food, money and lobsters: Valuing ecosystem services to align environmental management with Sustainable Development Goals	Quantifying Recreational Use of an Estuary: A case study of three bays, Cape Cod, USA	Assessment of environmental services of CREP wetlands in Iowa and the midwestern corn belt
Document Status em.detail.statusCategoryHelp ?	Peer reviewed and published	Peer reviewed and published	Peer reviewed and published	Peer reviewed but unpublished (explain in Comment)	Peer reviewed and published
Comments on Status em.detail.commentsOnStatusHelp ?	Published journal manuscript	Published on US EPA EnviroAtlas website	Published journal manuscript	Draft manuscript-work progressing	Published report

Software and Access

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
EM Software Access info Exit em.detail.modelAccessInformationHelp ?	Not applicable	https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas	https://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/invest/	Not applicable	Not applicable
Contact Name em.detail.contactNameHelp ?	Susan H. Yee	EnviroAtlas Team	Michelle Ward	Mulvaney, Kate	David Otis
Contact Address	US EPA, Office of Research and Development, NHEERL, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USA	Not reported	ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia	US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI	U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Iowa State University
Contact Email	yee.susan@epa.gov	enviroatlas@epa.gov	m.ward@uq.edu.au	Mulvaney.Kate@epa.gov	dotis@iastate.edu

EM Description

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
Summary Description em.detail.summaryDescriptionHelp ?	ABSTRACT: "...We investigated and compared a number of existing methods for quantifying ecological integrity, shoreline protection, recreational opportunities, fisheries production, and the potential for natural products discovery from reefs. Methods were applied to mapping potential ecosystem services production around St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Overall, we found that a number of different methods produced similar predictions." AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "A number of methods have been developed for linking biophysical attributes of reef condition, such as reef structural complexity, fish biomass, or species richness, to provisioning of ecosystem goods and services (Principe et al., 2012). We investigated the feasibility of using existing methods and data for mapping production of reef ecosystem goods and services. We applied these methods toward mapping potential ecosystem goods and services production in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI)...For each of the five categories of ecosystem services, we chose a suite of models and indices for estimating potential production based on relative ease of implementation, consisting of well-defined parameters, and likely availability of input data, to maximize potential for transferability to other locations. For each method, we assembled the necessary reef condition and environmental data as spatial data layers for St. Croix (Table1). The coastal zone surrounding St. Croix was divided into 10x10 m grid cells, and production functions were applied to quantify ecosystem services provisioning in each grid cell...Shoreline protection as an ecosystem service has been defined in a number of ways including protection from shoreline erosion...and can thus be estimated as % Decrease in erosion due to reef = 1 - (Ho/H)^2.5 where Ho is the attenuated wave height due to the presence of the reef and H is wave height in the absence of the reef."	The Total carbon sequestered by tree cover model has been used to create coverages for several US communities. An example for Durham, NC is shown in this entry. DATA FACT SHEET: "This EnviroAtlas community map estimates the total metric tons (mt) of carbon that are removed annually from the atmosphere and sequestered in the above-ground biomass of trees in each census block group. The data for this map were derived from a high-resolution tree cover map developed by EPA. Within each census block group derived from U.S. Census data, the total amount of tree cover (m2) was determined using this remotely-sensed land cover data. The USDA Forest Service i-Tree model was used to estimate the annual carbon sequestration rate from state-based rates of kgC/m2 of tree cover/year. The state rates vary based on length of growing season and range from 0.168 kgC/m2 of tree cover/year (Alaska) to 0.581 kgC/m2 of tree cover/year (Hawaii). The national average rate is 0.306 kgC/m2 of tree cover/year. These national and state values are based on field data collected and analyzed in several cities by the U.S. Forest Service. These values were converted to metric tons of carbon removed and sequestered per year by census block group."	AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "Here we develop a method for assessing future scenarios of environmental management change that improve coastal ecosystem services and thereby, support the success of the SDGs. We illustrate application of the method using a case study of South Africa’s West Coast Rock Lobster fishery within the Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) Marine Protected Area...We calculated the retrospective and current value of the West Coast Rock Lobster fishery using published and unpublished data from various sources and combined the market worth of landed lobster from recreational fishers, small-scale fisheries (SSF), large-scale fisheries (LSF) and poachers. Then using the InVEST tool, we combined data to build scenarios that describe possible futures for the West Coast Rock Lobster fishery (see Table 1). The first scenario, entitled ‘Business as Usual’ (BAU), takes the current situation and most up-to-date data to model the future if harvest continues at the existing rate. The second scenario is entitled ‘Redirect the Poachers’ (RP), which attempts to model implementation of strict management, whereby poaching is minimised from the Marine Protected Area and other economic and nutritional sources are made available through government initiatives. The third scenario, entitled ‘Large Scale Cutbacks’ (LSC), excludes large-scale fisheries from harvesting West Coast Rock Lobster within the TMNP Marine Protected Area."	[ABSTRACT: "Estimates of the types and number of recreational users visiting an estuary are critical data for quantifying the value of recreation and how that value might change with variations in water quality or other management decisions. However, estimates of recreational use are minimal and conventional intercept surveys methods are often infeasible for widespread application to estuaries. Therefore, a practical observational sampling approach was developed to quantify the recreational use of an estuary without the use of surveys. Designed to be simple and fast to allow for replication, the methods involved the use of periodic instantaneous car counts multiplied by extrapolation factors derived from all-day counts. This simple sampling approach can be used to estimate visitation to diverse types of access points on an estuary in a single day as well as across multiple days. Evaluation of this method showed that when periodic counts were taken within a preferred time window (from 11am-4:30pm), the estimates were within 44 percent of actual daily visitation. These methods were applied to the Three Bays estuary system on Cape Cod, USA. The estimated combined use across all its public access sites is similar to the use at a mid-sized coastal beach, demonstrating the value of estuarine systems. Further, this study is the first to quantify the variety and magnitude of recreational uses at several different types of access points throughout the estuary using observational methods. This model focused on the various use by access point type (beaches, landings and way to water, boat use). This work can be transferred to the many small coastal access points used for recreation across New England and beyond." ]	ABSTRACT: "Our initial primary objective (Progress Report I) was prediction of environmental services provided by the 27 Iowa Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) wetland sites that had been completed by 2007 in the Prairie Pothole Region of northcentral Iowa. The sites contain 102.4 ha of wetlands and 377.4 ha of associated grassland buffers…" AUTHOR'S DESCRIPTION: "The first phase of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service task was to evaluate the contribution of the 27 approved sites to migratory birds breeding in the Prairie Pothole Region of Iowa. To date, evaluation has been completed for 7 species of waterfowl and 5 species of grassland birds. All evaluations were completed using existing models that relate landscape composition to bird populations. As such, the first objective was to develop a current land cover geographic information system (GIS) that reflected current landscape conditions including the incorporation of habitat restored through the CREP program. The second objective was to input landscape variables from our land cover GIS into models to estimate various migratory bird population parameters (i.e. the number of pairs, individuals, or recruits) for each site. Recruitment for the 27 sites was estimated for Mallards, Blue-winged Teal, Northern Shoveler, Gadwall, and Northern Pintail according to recruitment models presented by Cowardin et al. (1995). Recruitment was not estimated for Canada Geese and Wood Ducks because recruitment models do not exist for these species. Variables used to estimate recruitment included the number of pairs, the composition of the landscape in a 4-square mile area around the CREP wetland, species-specific habitat preferences, and species- and habitat-specific clutch success rates. Recruitment estimates were derived using the following equations: Recruits = 2Rn where, 2 = constant based on the assumption of equal sex ratio at hatch, n = number of breeding pairs estimated using the pairs equation previously outlined, R = Recruitment rate as defined by Cowardin and Johnson (1979) where, R = HZB/2 where, H = hen success (see Cowardin et al. (1995) for methods used to calculate H, which is related to land cover types in the 4-mile2 landscape around each wetland), Z = proportion of broods that survived to fledge at least 1 recruit (= 0.74 based on Cowardin and Johnson 1979), B = average brood size at fledging (= 4.9 based on Cowardin and Johnson 1979)." ENTERER'S COMMENT: The number of breeding pairs (n) is estimated by a separate submodel from this paper, and as such is also entered as a separate model in ESML (EM 632).
Specific Policy or Decision Context Cited em.detail.policyDecisionContextHelp ?	None identified	None identified	Future rock lobster fisheries management	None identified	None identified
Biophysical Context	No additional description provided	No additional description provided	No additional description provided	None identified	Prairie Pothole Region of Iowa
EM Scenario Drivers em.detail.scenarioDriverHelp ?	No scenarios presented	No scenarios presented	Fisheries exploitation; fishing vulnerability (of age classes)	N/A	No scenarios presented

EM Relationship to Other EMs or Applications

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
Method Only, Application of Method or Model Run em.detail.methodOrAppHelp ?	Method + Application	Method + Application	Method + Application (multiple runs exist) View EM Runs	Method + Application (multiple runs exist) View EM Runs	Method + Application
New or Pre-existing EM? em.detail.newOrExistHelp ?	Application of existing model	Application of existing model	Application of existing model	New or revised model	New or revised model

Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
Document ID for related EM em.detail.relatedEmDocumentIdHelp ?	Doc-335	Doc-345	None	None	Doc-372 \| Doc-373
EM ID for related EM em.detail.relatedEmEmIdHelp ?	EM-447 \| EM-448	None	None	EM-682 \| EM-684 \| EM-685	EM-705 \| EM-704 \| EM-703 \| EM-701 \| EM-700 \| EM-632

EM Modeling Approach

EM Relationship to Time

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
EM Temporal Extent em.detail.tempExtentHelp ?	2006-2007, 2010	2010-2013	1986-2115	Summer 2017	1987-2007
EM Time Dependence em.detail.timeDependencyHelp ?	time-stationary	time-stationary	time-dependent	time-dependent	time-stationary
EM Time Reference (Future/Past) em.detail.futurePastHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	future time	past time	Not applicable
EM Time Continuity em.detail.continueDiscreteHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	discrete	discrete	Not applicable
EM Temporal Grain Size Value em.detail.tempGrainSizeHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	1	1	Not applicable
EM Temporal Grain Size Unit em.detail.tempGrainSizeUnitHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	Year	Day	Not applicable

EM Spatial Extent

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
Bounding Type em.detail.boundingTypeHelp ?	Physiographic or ecological	Geopolitical	Geopolitical	Physiographic or ecological	Multiple unrelated locations (e.g., meta-analysis)
Spatial Extent Name em.detail.extentNameHelp ?	Coastal zone surrounding St. Croix	Durham NC and vicinity	Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area	Three Bays, Cape Cod	CREP (Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program
Spatial Extent Area (Magnitude) em.detail.extentAreaHelp ?	100-1000 km^2	100-1000 km^2	100-1000 km^2	1000-10,000 km^2.	10,000-100,000 km^2

Spatial Distribution of Computations

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
EM Spatial Distribution em.detail.distributeLumpHelp ?	spatially distributed (in at least some cases)	spatially distributed (in at least some cases) ? Comment: Census block groups	spatially lumped (in all cases)	spatially distributed (in at least some cases)	spatially distributed (in at least some cases)
Spatial Grain Type em.detail.spGrainTypeHelp ?	area, for pixel or radial feature	other (specify), for irregular (e.g., stream reach, lake basin)	Not applicable	length, for linear feature (e.g., stream mile)	other (specify), for irregular (e.g., stream reach, lake basin)
Spatial Grain Size em.detail.spGrainSizeHelp ?	10 m x 10 m	irregular	Not applicable	beach length	multiple, individual, irregular sites

EM Structure and Computation Approach

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
EM Computational Approach em.detail.emComputationalApproachHelp ?	Analytic	Numeric	Numeric	Numeric	Analytic
EM Determinism em.detail.deterStochHelp ?	deterministic	deterministic	deterministic	deterministic	deterministic
Statistical Estimation of EM em.detail.statisticalEstimationHelp ?	Conventional (frequentist) statistics	Conventional (frequentist) statistics	Conventional (frequentist) statistics	Conventional (frequentist) statistics	Conventional (frequentist) statistics

Model Checking Procedures Used

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
Model Calibration Reported? em.detail.calibrationHelp ?	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear
Model Goodness of Fit Reported? em.detail.goodnessFitHelp ?	No	No	No	No	No
Goodness of Fit (metric\| value \| unit) em.detail.goodnessFitValuesHelp ?	None	None	None	None	None
Model Operational Validation Reported? em.detail.validationHelp ?	Yes	No	Yes ? Comment: A validation analysis was carried out running the model using data from 1880 to 2001, and then comparing the output for the adult population with the 2001 published data.	No	No
Model Uncertainty Analysis Reported? em.detail.uncertaintyAnalysisHelp ?	No	No	No	No	No
Model Sensitivity Analysis Reported? em.detail.sensAnalysisHelp ?	No	No	No	No	No
Model Sensitivity Analysis Include Interactions? em.detail.interactionConsiderHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable

EM Locations, Environments, Ecology

Location of EM Application

Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])

EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
None	North America United States North Carolina	None	None	North America United States Iowa

Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)

EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
Tropical Atlantic West Tropical Atlantic Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Eastern Caribbean	None	Temperate South Africa South Africa Benguela Namaqua	Temperate North Atlantic Northwest Atlantic Cold Temperate Northwest Atlantic Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy	None

Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
Centroid Latitude em.detail.ddLatHelp ?	17.73	35.99	-34.18	41.62	42.62
Centroid Longitude em.detail.ddLongHelp ?	-64.77	-78.96	18.35	-70.42	-93.84
Centroid Datum em.detail.datumHelp ?	WGS84	None provided	WGS84	WGS84	WGS84
Centroid Coordinates Status em.detail.coordinateStatusHelp ?	Estimated	Estimated	Provided	Estimated	Estimated

Environments and Scales Modeled

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
EM Environmental Sub-Class em.detail.emEnvironmentalSubclassHelp ?	Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine	Created Greenspace \| Atmosphere	Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine	Near Coastal Marine and Estuarine	Inland Wetlands \| Agroecosystems \| Grasslands
Specific Environment Type em.detail.specificEnvTypeHelp ?	Coral reefs	Urban and vicinity	Rocky coast, mixed coast, sandy coast, rocky inshore, sandy inshore, rocky shelf and unconsolidated shelf	Beaches	Wetlands buffered by grassland within agroecosystems
EM Ecological Scale em.detail.ecoScaleHelp ?	Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class	Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class	Ecological scale corresponds to the Environmental Sub-class	Ecological scale is finer than that of the Environmental Sub-class	Ecological scale corresponds to the Environmental Sub-class

Scale and taxa of organisms modeled

Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled

EM ID em.detail.idHelp ?	EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
EM Organismal Scale em.detail.orgScaleHelp ?	Not applicable	Not applicable	Individual or population, within a species	Not applicable	Individual or population, within a species

Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified

EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
None Available	None Available	Species West Coast Rock Lobster (Jasus lalandii)	None Available	Species Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata)

EnviroAtlas URL

EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
National Hydrography Dataset Plus (NHD PlusV2)	Carbon Storage by Tree Biomass	Big game hunting recreation demand	None Available	Acres of Land Enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)

EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system

CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)

EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
[Ecosystem] Regulation & Maintenance Mediation of flows Liquid flows Flood protection	[Ecosystem] Regulation & Maintenance Maintenance of physical, chemical, biological conditions Atmospheric composition and climate regulation Global climate regulation by reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations	[Ecosystem] Provisioning Nutrition Biomass Wild animals and their outputs	[Ecosystem] Provisioning Nutrition Biomass Wild animals and their outputs [Ecosystem] Cultural Physical and intellectual interactions with biota, ecosystems, and land-/seascapes [environmental settings] Physical and experiential interactions Physical use of land-/seascapes in different environmental settings	[Ecosystem] Provisioning Nutrition Biomass Wild animals and their outputs

<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/national-ecosystem-services-classification-system-nescs-plus">National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS) Plus</a>

(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)

EM-449	EM-493	EM-541	EM-686	EM-702
Near Coastal Marine/Estuarine (113) Water (3) Liquid water Extreme Event Indicator	None	Near Coastal Marine/Estuarine (113) Fauna (4) Invertebrates Stock Indicator	Near Coastal Marine/Estuarine (113) Composite (8) Scapes: views, sounds and scents of land, sea, sky or a combination Site Indicator Quality Indicator Fauna (4) Fish Stock Indicator Clams Stock Indicator	Wetlands (12) Fauna (4) Duck Stock Indicator

EcoService Models Library (ESML)

Compare EMs

EM Variables by Variable Role

EM Variables by Category

All EM Descriptors

EM Descriptors by Modeling Concepts

Comparing:

EM Identity and Description

Comment:

Comment:

Comment:

Related EMs (for example, other versions or derivations of this EM) described in ESML

EM Modeling Approach

Comment:

Comment:

EM Locations, Environments, Ecology

Terrestrial location (Classification hierarchy: Continent > Country > U.S. State [United States only])

Marine location (Classification hierarchy: Realm > Region > Province > Ecoregion)

Centroid Lat/Long (Decimal Degree)

Scale of differentiation of organisms modeled

Taxonomic level and name of organisms or groups identified

EnviroAtlas URL

EM Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) potentially modeled, by classification system

CICES v 4.3 - Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (Section > Division > Group > Class)

<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/national-ecosystem-services-classification-system-nescs-plus">National Ecosystem Services Classification System (NESCS) Plus</a>

(Environmental Subclass > Ecological End-Product (EEP) > EEP Subclass > EEP Modifier)